9 1 ANIMALS – 9.10 - CONTROLLING PARASITES WITH HERBAL REMEDIES

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 1 ANIMALS – 9.10 -  CONTROLLING PARASITES WITH HERBAL REMEDIES 

 

Sweet flag Acorus calamus) can be used to treat fowls against lice, but also to reduce house fly populations. Also flea, lice .

FIGURE 9.10 - USING SWEET FLAG AGAINST PARASITES

Herbal medicines are widely used in many countries. Some traditional farming communities have a vast knowledge of local plants and their healing properties. Plants can definitely support the healing process, even if they do not eliminate the germ of the disease directly. Still, farmers should not forget to identify the cause of the disease and also to re-think their management practises. For parasite problems, changing the living conditions or the management of pastures will be more effective in the long run than any treatment.

Example: Using Sweet Flag against parasites

One example to use an herbal remedy against parasites is sweet flag (Acorus calamus). This plant grows both in tropical as well as subtropical regions and is found on the banks of rivers and lakes and in swampy ditches or marshes. The powdered dried rhizomes (thick root parts) act as an effective insecticide against fowl lice, fleas and house flies.

 

Treating fowls infested by lice: Use around 15 g of powdered rhizome for an adult bird. For dusting the bird with the powder, hold it by its feet upside down so that the feathers open and the dust will work its way to the skin. The treatment is reported as being safe to the birds. The sweet flag powder is also reported to be effective against house flies when dusted on fresh cow dung infested by fly maggots. It further shall protect new-born calves of vermin infection if washed with a water infusion.

Attention! Herbal remedies against parasites can also have a toxic effect on the farm animals! Therefore it is important to know the appropriate dose and application method!

Sweet flag Acorus calamus) can be used to treat fowls against lice, but also to reduce house fly populations. Also flea, lice .

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 WANYAMA 1 – 9.10 - KUDHIBITI VIUMBE KWA DAWA ZA MIMEA

Dawa za mitishamba hutumiwa sana katika nchi nyingi. Baadhi ya jumuiya za wakulima wa jadi wana ujuzi mkubwa wa mimea ya ndani na sifa zake za uponyaji. Mimea inaweza kuunga mkono mchakato wa uponyaji, hata ikiwa haiondoi vijidudu vya ugonjwa moja kwa moja. Hata hivyo, wakulima hawapaswi kusahau kutambua sababu ya ugonjwa huo na pia kufikiria upya mbinu zao za usimamizi. Kwa matatizo ya vimelea, kubadilisha hali ya maisha au usimamizi wa malisho itakuwa na ufanisi zaidi kwa muda mrefu kuliko matibabu yoyote.

Mfano: Kutumia Bendera Tamu dhidi ya vimelea

Mfano mmoja wa kutumia dawa ya mitishamba dhidi ya vimelea ni bendera tamu (Acorus calamus). Mmea huu hukua katika maeneo ya kitropiki na ya kitropiki na hupatikana kwenye ukingo wa mito na maziwa na kwenye mitaro yenye kinamasi au mabwawa. Mizizi iliyokaushwa ya unga (sehemu mnene za mizizi) hufanya kama dawa bora ya kuua wadudu dhidi ya chawa wa ndege, viroboto na nzi wa nyumbani.

 

Kutibu ndege walioshambuliwa na chawa: Tumia karibu 15 g ya rhizome ya unga kwa ndege aliyekomaa. Kwa kunyunyiza ndege na unga, ushikilie kwa miguu yake chini ili manyoya yafunguke na vumbi lifanye kazi kwenye ngozi. Matibabu hayo yanaripotiwa kuwa salama kwa ndege hao. Poda hiyo tamu ya bendera pia inaripotiwa kuwa na ufanisi dhidi ya nzi wa nyumbani wanapopakwa vumbi kwenye kinyesi kipya cha ng'ombe kilichovamiwa na funza. Zaidi ya hayo, italinda ndama wachanga wa maambukizi ya wadudu ikiwa itaoshwa kwa kuingizwa kwa maji.

Makini! Dawa za mitishamba dhidi ya vimelea pia zinaweza kuwa na athari ya sumu kwa wanyama wa shambani! Kwa hiyo ni muhimu kujua kipimo sahihi na njia ya maombi!

 

 

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.11 - PRINCIPLES AND METHODES FOR BREEDING

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.11 - PRINCIPLES AND METHODES FOR BREEDING

 

As preventive measures for maintaining good animal health are of high relevance in organic farming, the selection of breeds suitable to local conditions and to organic feeding is of crucial importance. This requires that suitable breeds are available. Traditional breeds of farm animals may be a good starting point for organic animal breeding. Animals can be improved by selection of individuals especially suitable for organic conditions. They can be crossbred with suitable new breeds, thus achieving an animal with the positive aspects of traditional breeds and the satisfying production of the new breeds.

For breeding, organic farming uses natural reproduction techniques. While artificial insemination is allowed, embryo transfer, genetic manipulation, and hormonal synchronisation are not permitted according to IFOAM standards.

 KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI – 12.11 - KANUNI NA MBINU ZA UFUGAJI

Kwa vile hatua za kinga za kudumisha afya bora ya wanyama zina umuhimu mkubwa katika kilimo-hai, uteuzi wa mifugo inayofaa kwa hali ya ndani na ulishaji wa asili ni muhimu sana. Hii inahitaji kwamba mifugo inayofaa inapatikana. Mifugo ya asili ya wanyama wa shamba inaweza kuwa mahali pazuri pa kuanzia kwa ufugaji wa wanyama hai. Wanyama wanaweza kuboreshwa kwa kuchagua watu wanaofaa hasa kwa hali ya kikaboni. Wanaweza kuunganishwa na mifugo mpya inayofaa, na hivyo kufikia mnyama mwenye sifa nzuri za mifugo ya kitamaduni na uzalishaji wa kuridhisha wa mifugo mpya.

Kwa ufugaji, kilimo hai hutumia mbinu za asili za uzazi. Ingawa uenezaji wa mbegu bandia unaruhusiwa, uhamishaji wa kiinitete, upotoshaji wa kijeni, na ulandanishi wa homoni hauruhusiwi kulingana na viwango vya IFOAM.

 

9 0 HUSBANDARY - 9.12 - BREEDING GOALS

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY - 9.12 - BREEDING GOALS

 

Over the last decades, traditional breeds have been replaced by high performing ones in many regions. Like high yielding plant varieties, these new breeds usually depend on a rich diet (concentrates) and optimal living conditions. As high performing breeds in general are more susceptible to diseases than traditional varieties, they need frequent veterinary interventions. Thus, these new breeds might not be the right choice for small farmers, as the costs of food concentrates and veterinary treatment are too high compared with what can be earned by selling the products. 

In addition, for organic farmers the main animal product (e.g. milk) is not the only reason to keep animals. Breeding activities therefore should try to optimise the overall performance of the animal, taking into consideration the different goals of an organic farmer. For example a poultry breed suitable for organic smallholder farms might not be the one with the highest egg production, but one in which meat production is good, and kitchen wastes and whatever is found on the farm yard can be used as feed. Suitable cattle breeds would produce enough milk and meat while feeding mainly on roughage and farm by-products (e.g. straw), be of high fertility and good resistance against diseases, if required, they can also be used for draught and transport.

TEXT IN THE PICTURE:

The “ ideal” organic poultry breed.

·         Feeding on kitchen wastes and farm by-products

·         Satisfying egg production

·         Useful as meat

·         Good health, good resistance against diseases

The “ideal” organic cattle breed:

·         Utilising roughage and farm by-products

·         Satisfying milk production

·         High fertility

·         Good resistance against diseases

·         Long life with continuous production

Organic animal breeding should optimize the overall use of farm animals, with consideration given to the local conditions and available fodder. Breeding goals for poultry and cattle breading.

 KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI- 9.12 - MALENGO YA UFUGAJI

 

Katika miongo iliyopita, mifugo ya kitamaduni imebadilishwa na inayofanya vizuri katika mikoa mingi. Kama aina za mimea inayozaa sana, mifugo hii mpya kwa kawaida hutegemea lishe bora (inayozingatia) na hali bora ya maisha. Kwa vile mifugo inayofanya vizuri kwa ujumla huathirika zaidi na magonjwa kuliko aina za kitamaduni, wanahitaji uingiliaji wa mara kwa mara wa mifugo. Kwa hivyo, mifugo hii mpya inaweza kuwa chaguo sahihi kwa wakulima wadogo, kwani gharama za chakula na matibabu ya mifugo ni kubwa sana ikilinganishwa na kile kinachoweza kupatikana kwa kuuza bidhaa.

Kwa kuongeza, kwa wakulima wa kikaboni bidhaa kuu ya wanyama (k.m. maziwa) sio sababu pekee ya kuweka wanyama. Kwa hivyo, shughuli za ufugaji zinapaswa kujaribu kuboresha utendaji wa jumla wa mnyama, kwa kuzingatia malengo tofauti ya mkulima wa kilimo hai. Kwa mfano aina ya kuku inayofaa kwa ufugaji mdogo wa kikaboni inaweza isiwe ndiyo yenye uzalishaji mkubwa wa mayai, lakini ambayo uzalishaji wa nyama ni mzuri, na taka za jikoni na chochote kinachopatikana shambani kinaweza kutumika kama chakula. Mifugo ya ng'ombe inayofaa inaweza kutoa maziwa na nyama ya kutosha huku wakilishwa hasa na mazao ya shambani na shambani (k.m. majani), yenye rutuba ya juu na upinzani mzuri dhidi ya magonjwa, ikihitajika, yanaweza pia kutumika kwa usafirishaji na usafirishaji.

Ufugaji wa kuku wa kikaboni "bora".

• Kulisha taka za jikoni na mazao ya shambani

• Kutosheleza uzalishaji wa mayai

• Inafaa kama nyama

• Afya njema, upinzani mzuri dhidi ya magonjwa

Aina "bora" ya ng'ombe wa kikaboni:

• Kutumia roughage na mazao ya shambani

• Kutosheleza uzalishaji wa maziwa

• Uzazi wa juu

• Kinga nzuri dhidi ya magonjwa

• Maisha marefu na uzalishaji endelevu

Ufugaji wa wanyama wa kikaboni unapaswa kuongeza matumizi ya jumla ya wanyama wa shambani, kwa kuzingatia hali ya ndani na lishe inayopatikana. Malengo ya ufugaji wa kuku na ufugaji wa ng'ombe.

9 0 HUSBANDARY- 9.13 - MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE OR LIFE PRODUCTION

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY- 9.13 - MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE OR LIFE PRODUCTION

When comparing the production of different breeds of cows, usually, only the production per day or year is taken into consideration. However, high performing breeds usually have a shorter life span than traditional ones with lower production. The life milk production of a cow giving, for example, 8 litres per day, but over 10 years, therefore would be greater than the one of a high-breed cow yielding 16 litres per day, but dies after 4 years.

As the investments to get a milk producing cow are quite high, i.e. the rearing and feeding of a calf or the purchase of an adult cow, continuous production over a long-life span should be of high interest to the farmer. This should be reflected in the breeding goals, which so far mainly focus on the maximum short-term production.

 

FIGURE 9-13 - EXAMPLE - TABLE FOR COMPARING THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF TWO DIFFERENT BREEDS

 

TIPS on the picture:

·         Investments: cost of a calf, cost of a cow.

·         Maintenance: Fodder purchase per year, veterinary costs per year.

·         Milk production: Litres per day, litres per year.

·         Productive: years in life, litres in life.

·         Other uses: Meat, draught, dung.

·          

 

UCHUMI WA KILIMO HAI CHA KILIMO

9 0 MFUGAJI- 9.13 - UTENDAJI WA JUU AU UZALISHAJI WA MAISHA

Wakati wa kulinganisha uzalishaji wa mifugo tofauti ya ng'ombe, kwa kawaida, uzalishaji tu kwa siku au mwaka huzingatiwa. Hata hivyo, mifugo inayofanya vizuri kwa kawaida huwa na muda mfupi wa kuishi kuliko wa jadi wenye uzalishaji mdogo. Uzalishaji wa maziwa ya maisha ya ng'ombe anayetoa, kwa mfano, lita 8 kwa siku, lakini zaidi ya miaka 10, kwa hivyo itakuwa kubwa kuliko ile ya ng'ombe wa kuzaliana sana anayetoa lita 16 kwa siku, lakini hii baada ya miaka 4.

Kwa vile uwekezaji wa kupata ng'ombe anayezalisha maziwa ni mkubwa sana, i.e. ufugaji na ulishaji wa ndama au ununuzi wa ng'ombe mzima, uzalishaji unaoendelea kwa muda mrefu wa maisha unapaswa kuwa wa manufaa makubwa kwa mkulima. Hii inapaswa kuonyeshwa katika malengo ya ufugaji, ambayo hadi sasa yanazingatia zaidi uzalishaji wa muda mfupi.

KIELELEZO 9.13 - MFANO - JEDWALI LA KULINGANISHA UTENDAJI WA KIUCHUMI WA MIFUGO MBILI TOFAUTI.

TIPS kwenye picha:

• Uwekezaji: gharama ya ndama, gharama ya ng'ombe.

• Matengenezo: Ununuzi wa lishe kwa mwaka, gharama za mifugo kwa mwaka.

• Uzalishaji wa maziwa: lita kwa siku, lita kwa mwaka.

• Uzalishaji: miaka katika maisha, lita katika maisha.

• Matumizi mengine: Nyama, rasimu, samadi.

·          

 

i.

9 2 CHICKEN - 9.14 - WHAT IS THE RIGHT INCUBATOR?

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 2 CHICKEN - 9.14 - WHAT IS THE RIGHT INCUBATOR?

 

I see a lot of unproved incubator offers here on this group.

There are some important rules you must check.

Any incubator must have a thermometer and automatic regulation for exact 37 degree. This must be to control with the motor.. or the ventilator with fresh air.

The eggs must always be on moving, like the chicken do this from one side to the other. You also should stop the incubator about 30 minutes all day at high noon , that’s the time when the chicken goes to look for fodder. And open the door.

When you breed duck eggs you has to sprinkle cold water in this pause on the eggs as the duck or geese goes to swim and look for food there and come back with a wet ass.

This is the way of nature and you as mother breeder must do the same.

After 8 days you should hold the eggs before a light to see through them if they are good fertilized. You see exact as pot which give later the eye and a grid of blood strings.

When the egg is not correct you take them out and cook then 20 minutes as you can feed this later at first when they brake out. .it has 100 protein as starter.

70% of your eggs should come to life that’s a normal rate.

Chicken eggs need 21 days to brake out, and after they should stay some days in the incubator by this temperature, after you give them in colder days under a lamp and hold by 30 and reduce slowly to 25 degree. Under a lamp where they can free run you see where they stay or move as they want it.

Duck and geese eggs also turkey need 28 days to break out and the same warmth at the same days in the first week.

Never let young turkey together with older chicken run on the same place. Or stall. They will die as the chicken are transmitter for viruses which kills the turkeys ..

Also not let chicken and turkeys run in the same yard where sheep’s are running and shit around.

1st picture is correct fertilized                              2nd picture is not fertilized

   

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 2 KUKU - 9.14 - INCUBATOR SAHIHI NI IPI?

Ninaona ofa nyingi za incubator ambazo hazijathibitishwa hapa kwenye kikundi hiki.

Kuna baadhi ya sheria muhimu lazima uangalie.

Incubator yoyote lazima iwe na kipimajoto na udhibiti wa kiotomatiki kwa digrii 37 kamili. Hii lazima iwe kudhibiti kwa motor.. au kipumulio chenye hewa safi.

Mayai lazima yawe yanasonga kila wakati, kama kuku hufanya hivi kutoka upande mmoja hadi mwingine. Unapaswa pia kusimamisha incubator kama dakika 30 siku nzima saa sita mchana, ndio wakati kuku huenda kutafuta lishe. Na kufungua mlango.

Unapofuga mayai ya bata huna budi kunyunyizia maji ya baridi kwenye pause hii kwenye mayai huku bata au bata bukini wakienda kuogelea na kutafuta chakula huko na kurudi na punda mvua.

Hii ni njia ya asili na wewe kama mama mfugaji lazima kufanya hivyo.

Baada ya siku 8 unapaswa kushikilia mayai kabla ya mwanga ili kuona ikiwa yamerutubishwa vizuri. Unaona kama chungu ambacho hutoa baadaye jicho na gridi ya nyuzi za damu.

Wakati yai sio sahihi unayatoa na kupika kisha dakika 20 kwani unaweza kulisha hii baadaye mara ya kwanza yanapovunja. .ina protein 100 as starter.

Asilimia 70 ya mayai yako yanapaswa kuwa hai hiyo ni kiwango cha kawaida.

Mayai ya kuku yanahitaji siku 21 kukatika, na baada ya kukaa kwa siku kadhaa kwenye incubator kwa joto hili, baada ya kuwapa siku za baridi chini ya taa na kushikilia kwa 30 na kupunguza polepole hadi digrii 25. Chini ya taa ambapo wanaweza kukimbia bure unaona mahali wanapokaa au kusonga wanavyotaka.

Bata na mayai ya bata bukini pia wanahitaji siku 28 ili kuzuka na joto sawa kwa siku sawa katika wiki ya kwanza.

Kamwe usiruhusu bata mzinga pamoja na kuku wakubwa kukimbia mahali pamoja. Au duka. Watakufa kwani kuku ni msambazaji wa virusi vinavyoua bata mzinga ..

Pia usiruhusu kuku na bata mzinga kukimbia katika yadi moja ambapo kondoo wanakimbia na kuchafuka.

 

 

9 2 CHICKEN - 9.15 - ALOA VERA – FOR CHICKEN BREEDING TOO

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 2 CHICKEN - 9.15 - ALOA VERA – FOR CHICKEN BREEDING TOO

Someone did post this here… that’s great

ALOE vera extract mixed with drinking water makes a difference in growth performance of chickens. Aloe vera extract creates a positive effect on the growth of chickens in:

 Body weight.

·         Feed consumption.

·         Feed conversion ratio.

·         Water consumption.

·         Return of investment.

·        Broilers given drinking water supplemented with Aloe vera extract doesn’t affect the sensory evaluation of meat for its colour, desirability, intensity, texture, tenderness, juiciness, and general acceptability…

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 2 KUKU - 9.15 - ALOA VERA – KWA UFUGAJI WA KUKU PIA

Kuna mtu alichapisha hii hapa ... ni nzuri

Dondoo ya ALOE vera ikichanganywa na maji ya kunywa huleta mabadiliko katika utendaji wa ukuaji wa kuku. Dondoo la Aloe vera huleta athari chanya katika ukuaji wa kuku katika:

• Uzito wa mwili.

• Matumizi ya malisho.

• Uwiano wa ubadilishaji wa mipasho.

• Matumizi ya maji.

• Marejesho ya uwekezaji.

Kuku wa nyama wanaopewa maji ya kunywa yaliyoongezwa kwa dondoo ya Aloe vera haiathiri tathmini ya hisia za nyama kwa rangi yake, kuhitajika, ukali, umbile, upole, ujivu, na kukubalika kwa jumla...

 

9 3 POULTRY – 9.16 - HOT WHEATHER HEAT TIPS Part -1-

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 3 POULTRY – 9.16 - HOT WHEATHER HEAT TIPS Part -1-

HOT WEATHER, MAXIMUM PRODUCTION MAINTAINED.

POULTRY HEAT TIPS-

HOW TO AVOID OR REDUCE HEAT STRESS IN POULTRY HOUSE

*Make sure birds have cool, clean water.

*Add electrolytes to water, electrolytes will help to balance the electrolytes in birds. You can add vitamin A, B complex, D and E to supplement the water for broilers and C for breeding poultry.

*Feed birds during cooler parts of the day, since birds produce heat while they digest. For boilers and turkeys, remove feed 6 hours before the afternoon peak temperature. once the peak temperature has passed ,feed can be reintroduced.

*Leave birds alone during the hottest parts of the day.

*Make sure the birds have plenty of space. Reduce body heat by putting fewer birds in the house.

*Make sure birds environments are well- ventilated and comfortable. A misting/forging may be used to help birds cool down.

*Provide adequate ventilation for the number of birds housed.

*Do not exceed recommended Welfare stocking densities.

*Where possible, reduce stocking densities during hot weather both in the shed and during transport.

*Regularly maintain and test alarms and emergency ventilation equipment.

*Insulate the house structure sufficiently to avoid solar heat gain.

*Position sufficient circulation fans correctly.

*Make contingency plans in advance so all know their respective roles and ensure that someone is available with authority to take decisions.

 

SPECIFICALLY FOR LAYERS IN HOT CLIMATES

Heat can have a significant impact on layer flocks, but there are measures that can be taken to keep hens healthy and producing eggs. When summer temperatures rise, egg producers need to be ready or they will see egg output decline, and flock mortalities increase.

The comfortable ambient temperature for poultry is between 18 and 24C. Above this, birds fail to maintain their normal internal body temperature (41.6C), due to the absence of sweat glands and complete feather coverage of the body. When the ambient temperature rises above the ideal, a chicken’s internal body temperature also rises, leading to a drop in feed consumption (>26-32C), heat stress (>35C), panting, prostration (>35C) and death (>38C).

Failing to manage heat stress results in poor layer production performance, and it should be remembered that older birds and heavier birds are more sensitive to heat stress than younger and lighter birds. Heat stress can be managed by altering the macro- and micro-environments where birds are housed.

Four specific areas can be easily managed to ensure that laying hens are kept as comfortable as possible during hotter months and that egg production is not reduced. These are:

* Housing management

*Water management

*Feed fortification

*General management

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 3 KUKU – 9.16 - VIDOKEZO VYA JOTO LA ANGA MOTO Sehemu ya -1-

HALI YA HEWA YA JOTO, UZALISHAJI WA JUU UMEDUMIWA.

Vidokezo vya JOTO LA KUKU-

JINSI YA KUEPUKA AU KUPUNGUZA MSONGO WA JOTO KWENYE NYUMBA YA KUKU

*Hakikisha ndege wana maji baridi na safi.

*Ongeza elektroliti kwenye maji, elektroliti zitasaidia kusawazisha elektroliti katika ndege. Unaweza kuongeza vitamini A, B complex, D na E ili kuongeza maji kwa kuku wa nyama na C kwa ajili ya ufugaji wa kuku.

*Lisha ndege wakati wa sehemu zenye baridi zaidi za mchana, kwa kuwa ndege hutoa joto wakati wanayeyusha. Kwa boilers na batamzinga, ondoa malisho saa 6 kabla ya joto la kilele cha mchana. mara tu joto la juu limepita, malisho yanaweza kuletwa tena.

*Waachie ndege wakati wa jua kali zaidi.

*Hakikisha ndege wana nafasi nyingi. Punguza joto la mwili kwa kuweka ndege wachache ndani ya nyumba.

*Hakikisha mazingira ya ndege yana hewa ya kutosha na ya kustarehesha. Ukungu/kughushi kunaweza kutumika kusaidia ndege kupoa.

*Toa hewa ya kutosha kwa idadi ya ndege wanaowekwa.

*Usizidi msongamano wa hifadhi uliopendekezwa wa Welfare.

*Inapowezekana, punguza msongamano wa hifadhi wakati wa hali ya hewa ya joto katika banda na wakati wa usafiri.

*Dumisha na kujaribu kengele na vifaa vya uingizaji hewa wa dharura mara kwa mara.

*Imarisha muundo wa nyumba vya kutosha ili kuzuia kuongezeka kwa joto la jua.

*Weka feni za kutosha za mzunguko kwa usahihi.

*Fanya mipango ya dharura mapema ili wote wajue majukumu yao husika na uhakikishe kuwa kuna mtu aliye na mamlaka ya kufanya maamuzi.

 

HASA KWA TAFU KATIKA HALI YA HEWA MOTO

Joto linaweza kuwa na athari kubwa kwa makundi ya tabaka, lakini kuna hatua zinazoweza kuchukuliwa ili kuwaweka kuku wenye afya na wanaozalisha mayai. Wakati joto la kiangazi linapopanda, watayarishaji wa mayai wanahitaji kuwa tayari au wataona pato la yai likipungua, na vifo vya kundi huongezeka.

Joto la kawaida la mazingira kwa kuku ni kati ya 18 na 24C. Zaidi ya hayo, ndege hushindwa kudumisha joto lao la kawaida la ndani (41.6C), kutokana na kutokuwepo kwa tezi za jasho na kufunika kamili kwa manyoya ya mwili. Joto la mazingira linapopanda juu ya hali bora, joto la ndani la kuku pia huongezeka, na hivyo kusababisha kupungua kwa matumizi ya chakula (>26-32C), shinikizo la joto (>35C), kuhema, kusujudu (>35C) na kifo (>38C. )

Kushindwa kudhibiti mkazo wa joto husababisha utendakazi duni wa uzalishaji wa tabaka, na ikumbukwe kwamba ndege wakubwa na ndege wazito huathirika zaidi na shinikizo la joto kuliko ndege wachanga na wepesi. Mkazo wa joto unaweza kudhibitiwa kwa kubadilisha mazingira ya jumla na madogo ambapo ndege huwekwa.

Maeneo manne mahususi yanaweza kusimamiwa kwa urahisi ili kuhakikisha kuwa kuku wanaotaga wanatunzwa vizuri iwezekanavyo wakati wa miezi ya joto kali na kwamba uzalishaji wa yai haupunguzwi. Hizi ni:

* Usimamizi wa makazi

* Usimamizi wa maji

*Urutubishaji wa malisho

* Usimamizi wa jumla

9 3 POULTRY – 9.17 - HOT WHEATHER HEAT TIPS Part -2-

  

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY  

9 3 POULTRY – 9.17 - HOT WHEATHER HEAT TIPS Part -2-

 

ADJUSTING THE POULTRY HOUSE ENVIRONMENT

Measures can be taken in hotter climates to minimize the impact of heat on layers:

* The long axis of the poultry house should be in an East-West direction, and the roof overhang should extend to at least 1.5 meters to reduce the amount of direct sun and rain entering the house. Paste or paint the shed roof with a reflective covering. General best practice is to whitewash the roof with lime. This can reduce the house temperature by up to 2C.

*Cover the layer house roof with insulating materials such as paddy straw, sugar cane leaves, coconut leaves or hay.

*Provide ridge vents at roof level to allow hot air to exit, so that cool air may enter the poultry shed through side openings.

*Outside of the house, attach sprinklers onto the roof. Turning them on during hot weather will bring down the temperature inside the house.

*Use of side curtains – gunny bags can be used to protect birds from direct hot wind currents. Those bags facing any oncoming winds can be kept wet so that birds feel a cool breeze. Adopting this practice can reduce the temperature up to 2-3C.

*Inside the poultry shed, attach forgers at bird level to reduce the temperature. Fog should be kept to a fine mist only, to prevent the birds, litter and feed from becoming wet. *Planting tall trees around the farm can help to reduce radiant heat.

 

WATER MANAGEMENT

*During hot weather, chickens pant to bring down their body temperature, and this leads to a higher-than-normal loss of water, so plenty of drinking water must be available, but it must be managed carefully. Provide three to four times the normal daily amount.

*Do not completely fill the overhead water tank during the hotter summer months, and conduct flush-outs during the day to slow down any heating of standing water. If possible, cover the tank with wet gunny bags and paint it with a reflective covering.

*Increase the frequency of watering. Birds must always have access to cool water.

*Giving birds salt will stimulate their water consumption. Supplement drinking water with 0.2 percent salt and commercially available electrolytes (1-2 gm/liter) to maintain birds’ electrolyte balance.

*Vitamin C and citric acid can be added to drinking water, as the latter is a good carrier for vitamins during the summer. Supplementing vitamin C through water has been found to more beneficial than adding it to feed.

  

 KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 3 KUKU – 9.17 - VIDOKEZO VYA JOTO LA ANGA MOTO Sehemu ya -2-

 

KUREKEBISHA MAZINGIRA YA NYUMBA YA KUKU

Hatua zinaweza kuchukuliwa katika hali ya hewa ya joto ili kupunguza athari za joto kwenye tabaka:

* Mhimili mrefu wa nyumba ya kuku unapaswa kuwa katika mwelekeo wa Mashariki-Magharibi, na juu ya paa inapaswa kupanua angalau mita 1.5 ili kupunguza kiasi cha jua moja kwa moja na mvua inayoingia ndani ya nyumba. Bandika au upake rangi paa la kumwaga na kifuniko cha kutafakari. Mbinu bora ya jumla ni kupaka paa chokaa na chokaa. Hii inaweza kupunguza joto la nyumba hadi 2C.

*Funika paa la nyumba kwa kutumia vifaa vya kuhami joto kama vile majani ya mpunga, majani ya miwa, majani ya minazi au nyasi.

*Toa matundu ya matuta kwenye usawa wa paa ili kuruhusu hewa ya moto kutoka, ili hewa baridi iingie kwenye banda la kuku kupitia matundu ya pembeni.

*Nje ya nyumba, ambatisha vinyunyizio kwenye paa. Kuwasha wakati wa joto kutapunguza joto ndani ya nyumba.

*Matumizi ya mapazia ya pembeni - mifuko ya bunduki inaweza kutumika kulinda ndege dhidi ya mikondo ya moja kwa moja ya upepo wa moto. Mifuko hiyo inayokabili upepo wowote unaokuja inaweza kuwekwa mvua ili ndege wahisi upepo wa baridi. Kupitisha mazoezi haya kunaweza kupunguza joto hadi 2-3C.

*Ndani ya banda la kuku, ambatisha ghushi kwenye kiwango cha ndege ili kupunguza joto. Ukungu unapaswa kuhifadhiwa kwa ukungu mzuri tu, ili kuzuia ndege, takataka na malisho kuwa mvua. *Kupanda miti mirefu kuzunguka shamba kunaweza kusaidia kupunguza joto linalowaka.

 

USIMAMIZI WA MAJI

*Wakati wa hali ya hewa ya joto, kuku hupumua ili kupunguza joto la mwili wao, na hii husababisha upotevu wa juu kuliko kawaida wa maji, kwa hivyo maji mengi ya kunywa lazima yapatikane, lakini lazima yadhibitiwe kwa uangalifu. Toa mara tatu hadi nne ya kiwango cha kawaida cha kila siku.

*Usijaze kabisa tanki la maji la juu wakati wa miezi ya kiangazi yenye joto jingi, na uondoe maji wakati wa mchana ili kupunguza upashaji joto wa maji yaliyosimama. Ikiwezekana, funika tanki na mifuko ya bunduki ya mvua na uipake kwa kifuniko cha kutafakari.

*Kuongeza mzunguko wa kumwagilia. Ndege lazima daima wapate maji baridi.

*Kuwapa ndege chumvi kutachochea matumizi yao ya maji. Ongeza maji ya kunywa kwa asilimia 0.2 ya chumvi na elektroliti zinazouzwa kibiashara (1-2 gm/lita) ili kudumisha usawa wa elektroliti za ndege.

*Vitamini C na asidi citric inaweza kuongezwa kwa maji ya kunywa, kama mwisho ni carrier mzuri wa vitamini wakati wa majira ya joto. Kuongeza vitamini C kupitia maji kumeonekana kuwa na faida zaidi kuliko kuiongeza kwenye chakula.