9 0 HUSBANDARY - 9.12 - BREEDING GOALS

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY - 9.12 - BREEDING GOALS

 

Over the last decades, traditional breeds have been replaced by high performing ones in many regions. Like high yielding plant varieties, these new breeds usually depend on a rich diet (concentrates) and optimal living conditions. As high performing breeds in general are more susceptible to diseases than traditional varieties, they need frequent veterinary interventions. Thus, these new breeds might not be the right choice for small farmers, as the costs of food concentrates and veterinary treatment are too high compared with what can be earned by selling the products. 

In addition, for organic farmers the main animal product (e.g. milk) is not the only reason to keep animals. Breeding activities therefore should try to optimise the overall performance of the animal, taking into consideration the different goals of an organic farmer. For example a poultry breed suitable for organic smallholder farms might not be the one with the highest egg production, but one in which meat production is good, and kitchen wastes and whatever is found on the farm yard can be used as feed. Suitable cattle breeds would produce enough milk and meat while feeding mainly on roughage and farm by-products (e.g. straw), be of high fertility and good resistance against diseases, if required, they can also be used for draught and transport.

TEXT IN THE PICTURE:

The “ ideal” organic poultry breed.

·         Feeding on kitchen wastes and farm by-products

·         Satisfying egg production

·         Useful as meat

·         Good health, good resistance against diseases

The “ideal” organic cattle breed:

·         Utilising roughage and farm by-products

·         Satisfying milk production

·         High fertility

·         Good resistance against diseases

·         Long life with continuous production

Organic animal breeding should optimize the overall use of farm animals, with consideration given to the local conditions and available fodder. Breeding goals for poultry and cattle breading.

 KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI- 9.12 - MALENGO YA UFUGAJI

 

Katika miongo iliyopita, mifugo ya kitamaduni imebadilishwa na inayofanya vizuri katika mikoa mingi. Kama aina za mimea inayozaa sana, mifugo hii mpya kwa kawaida hutegemea lishe bora (inayozingatia) na hali bora ya maisha. Kwa vile mifugo inayofanya vizuri kwa ujumla huathirika zaidi na magonjwa kuliko aina za kitamaduni, wanahitaji uingiliaji wa mara kwa mara wa mifugo. Kwa hivyo, mifugo hii mpya inaweza kuwa chaguo sahihi kwa wakulima wadogo, kwani gharama za chakula na matibabu ya mifugo ni kubwa sana ikilinganishwa na kile kinachoweza kupatikana kwa kuuza bidhaa.

Kwa kuongeza, kwa wakulima wa kikaboni bidhaa kuu ya wanyama (k.m. maziwa) sio sababu pekee ya kuweka wanyama. Kwa hivyo, shughuli za ufugaji zinapaswa kujaribu kuboresha utendaji wa jumla wa mnyama, kwa kuzingatia malengo tofauti ya mkulima wa kilimo hai. Kwa mfano aina ya kuku inayofaa kwa ufugaji mdogo wa kikaboni inaweza isiwe ndiyo yenye uzalishaji mkubwa wa mayai, lakini ambayo uzalishaji wa nyama ni mzuri, na taka za jikoni na chochote kinachopatikana shambani kinaweza kutumika kama chakula. Mifugo ya ng'ombe inayofaa inaweza kutoa maziwa na nyama ya kutosha huku wakilishwa hasa na mazao ya shambani na shambani (k.m. majani), yenye rutuba ya juu na upinzani mzuri dhidi ya magonjwa, ikihitajika, yanaweza pia kutumika kwa usafirishaji na usafirishaji.

Ufugaji wa kuku wa kikaboni "bora".

• Kulisha taka za jikoni na mazao ya shambani

• Kutosheleza uzalishaji wa mayai

• Inafaa kama nyama

• Afya njema, upinzani mzuri dhidi ya magonjwa

Aina "bora" ya ng'ombe wa kikaboni:

• Kutumia roughage na mazao ya shambani

• Kutosheleza uzalishaji wa maziwa

• Uzazi wa juu

• Kinga nzuri dhidi ya magonjwa

• Maisha marefu na uzalishaji endelevu

Ufugaji wa wanyama wa kikaboni unapaswa kuongeza matumizi ya jumla ya wanyama wa shambani, kwa kuzingatia hali ya ndani na lishe inayopatikana. Malengo ya ufugaji wa kuku na ufugaji wa ng'ombe.