8 0 PESTS - 8.0 - AVOIDE MANY PEST AND DISEASE PROBLEMS

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS - 8.0 - AVOIDE MANY PEST AND DISEASE PROBLEMS

The condition of a plant depends in large part on the fertility of the soil. When the diet and pH are well balanced, the plant will grow stronger and therefore less prone to infection. Climatic conditions such as suitable temperatures and sufficient water supply are further factors that are decisive for a healthy plant. If either of these conditions is unsuitable, the plant can become stressed. Stress weakens plants' defence mechanisms, making them easy targets for pests and diseases.

One of the most important points for an organic farmer is therefore the cultivation of diverse and healthy plants.

TIPS in the photo:

• Maintaining healthy soil; Use suitable varieties; • Obtaining a healthy harvest

• Monitor the harvest regularly; • Use natural Pesticides; • Promotion of natural farm animals

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU - 8.0 - EPUKA MATATIZO MENGI YA WADUDU NA MAGONJWA

Hali ya mmea inategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa juu ya rutuba ya udongo. Wakati lishe na pH ziko sawa, mmea utakua na nguvu na kwa hivyo hauwezekani kuambukizwa. Hali ya hewa kama vile joto linalofaa na usambazaji wa maji ya kutosha ni mambo mengine ambayo ni muhimu kwa mmea wenye afya. Ikiwa mojawapo ya masharti haya haifai, mmea unaweza kusisitizwa. Mkazo hudhoofisha mifumo ya ulinzi ya mimea, na kuifanya kuwa shabaha rahisi kwa wadudu na magonjwa.

Mojawapo ya mambo muhimu kwa mkulima wa kilimo hai kwa hiyo ni kilimo cha mimea mbalimbali na yenye afya.

TIPS kwenye picha:

• Kudumisha udongo wenye afya; Tumia aina zinazofaa; • Kupata mavuno yenye afya

• Fuatilia mavuno mara kwa mara; • Tumia Viuatilifu vya asili; • Kukuza wanyama wa asili wa shambani

8 0 PESTS – 8.1 - AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.1 - AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE 

 

A healthy plant is less vulnerable to pest and disease infestation. Therefore, a major aim for the organic farmer is to create conditions which keep a plant healthy. 

 

The interaction between living organisms and their environment is crucial for a plant‘s health. Plant’s health is more at risk in monocultures and on-farm diversification provide a balanced interaction between different plants and pests and predators. This is why a well-managed ecosystem can be a successful way of reducing the level of pest or disease population. Certain crop varieties have more effective mechanisms than others due to the adaptive nature to the environment and therefore have a lower infection risk.

TIPS in the picture:

NEITHER TOO FEW                         

Not enough light, Low temprature, Shortage of water, Nutrient deficiency

NOR TOO MUCH

Too much sunlight, Strong heat, Water logging, Excess nutrients

FIGURE 8-1 - FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANT HEALTH

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.1 - NA USIMAMIZI WA MAGONJWA KATIKA KILIMO HAI

Mimea yenye afya haiwezi kushambuliwa na wadudu na magonjwa. Kwa hivyo, lengo kuu la mkulima wa kilimo-hai ni kuunda hali ambayo itaweka mmea kuwa na afya.

Mwingiliano kati ya viumbe hai na mazingira yao ni muhimu kwa afya ya mmea. Afya ya mmea iko hatarini zaidi katika kilimo kimoja na mseto kwenye shamba hutoa mwingiliano sawia kati ya mimea tofauti na wadudu na wadudu. Hii ndiyo sababu mfumo ikolojia unaosimamiwa vizuri unaweza kuwa njia yenye mafanikio ya kupunguza kiwango cha wadudu au magonjwa. Aina fulani za mazao zina njia bora zaidi kuliko zingine kwa sababu ya hali ya kuzoea mazingira na kwa hivyo zina hatari ndogo ya kuambukizwa.

TIPS kwenye picha:

WALA WACHACHE SANA

Kutokuwa na mwanga wa kutosha, Halijoto ya chini, Uhaba wa maji, Upungufu wa virutubishi

WALA SANA

Mwanga wa jua mwingi, Joto kali, Kukata maji, Virutubisho kupita kiasi

KIELELEZO 8-1 - MAMBO YANAYOATHIRI AFYA YA MIMEA

8 0 PESTS – 8.2 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 1 - 5

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.2 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 1 - 5

Knowledge about plant health and pest and disease ecology helps the farmer to choose effective preventive crop protection measures. As many factors influence the development of pest and disease, it’s crucial to step in at the most sensitive points. This can be accomplished through the right timing of management practices, a suitable combination of different methods, or the choice of a selective method. Some important preventive crop protection measures are the following ones:

1)      Selection of adapted and resistant varieties: 

→ Choose varieties which are well adapted to the local environmental conditions (temperature, nutrient supply, pests and disease pressure), as it allows them to grow healthy and makes them stronger against infections of pests and diseases.

2)      Selection of clean seed and planting material:

→   Use safe seeds which have been inspected for pathogens and weeds at all stages of

       production.

→   Use planting material from safe sources.

3)      Use of suitable cropping systems (see 6. Crop Planning and Management):

→   Mixed cropping systems: can limit pest and disease pressure as the pest has less host plants to feed on and more beneficial insect life in a diverse system.

→   Crop rotation: reduces the chances of soil borne diseases and increases soil fertility.

→  Green manuring and cover crops: increases the biological activity in the soil and can enhance the presence of beneficial organisms (but also of pests; therefore a careful selection of the proper species is needed).

4)      Use of balanced nutrient management:

→   Moderate fertilization: steady growth makes a plant less vulnerable to infection. Too much

        fertilization may result in salt damage to roots, opening the way for secondary infections. →   Balanced potassium supply contributes to the prevention of fungi and bacterial infections

5)      Input of organic matter:

→  Increases micro-organism density and activity in the soil, thus decreasing population densities of pathogenic and soil borne fungi.

→   Stabilises soil structure and thus improves aeration and infiltration of water.

→  Supplies substances which strengthen the plant‘s own protection mechanisms.

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.2 - TABIA ZA KINGA NA UFUATILIAJI 1 – 5

 

Ujuzi kuhusu afya ya mimea na ikolojia ya wadudu na magonjwa humsaidia mkulima kuchagua hatua madhubuti za kuzuia mazao. Kwa kuwa mambo mengi huathiri ukuaji wa wadudu na magonjwa, ni muhimu kuingilia kati katika sehemu nyeti zaidi. Hili linaweza kutimizwa kupitia muda sahihi wa mazoea ya usimamizi, mchanganyiko unaofaa wa mbinu tofauti, au uchaguzi wa mbinu iliyochaguliwa. Baadhi ya hatua muhimu za kuzuia mazao ni zifuatazo:

1) Uchaguzi wa aina zilizobadilishwa na sugu:

→ Chagua aina ambazo zimezoea vyema hali ya mazingira ya ndani (joto, ugavi wa virutubishi, wadudu na shinikizo la magonjwa), kwa kuwa inaziruhusu kukua zenye afya na kuzifanya kuwa na nguvu dhidi ya maambukizo ya wadudu na magonjwa.

2) Uchaguzi wa mbegu safi na nyenzo za kupanda:

→ Tumia mbegu salama ambazo zimekaguliwa kwa viini vya magonjwa na magugu katika hatua zote za

       uzalishaji.

→ Tumia nyenzo za kupandia kutoka kwenye vyanzo salama.

3) Matumizi ya mifumo inayofaa ya upandaji mazao (tazama 6. Upangaji na Usimamizi wa Mazao):

→ Mifumo mchanganyiko ya upandaji miti: inaweza kupunguza shinikizo la wadudu na magonjwa kwani wadudu wana mimea ndogo ya kulisha na maisha ya wadudu wenye manufaa zaidi katika mfumo tofauti.

→ Mzunguko wa mazao: hupunguza uwezekano wa magonjwa yanayoenezwa na udongo na huongeza rutuba ya udongo.

→ Kuweka mbolea ya kijani kibichi na mazao ya kufunika: huongeza shughuli za kibiolojia kwenye udongo na inaweza kuongeza uwepo wa viumbe vyenye manufaa (lakini pia wadudu; kwa hiyo uteuzi makini wa spishi zinazofaa unahitajika).

4) Matumizi ya udhibiti wa virutubisho:

→ Utungishaji wa wastani: Ukuaji thabiti hufanya mmea kuwa katika hatari ya kuambukizwa. Sana

        mbolea inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa chumvi kwenye mizizi, na kufungua njia ya maambukizi ya pili. → Ugavi wa potasiamu wenye uwiano huchangia katika kuzuia fangasi na maambukizi ya bakteria

5) Uingizaji wa vitu vya kikaboni:

→ Huongeza msongamano wa viumbe vidogo na shughuli kwenye udongo, hivyo basi kupunguza msongamano wa idadi ya fangasi wa pathogenic na udongo.

→ Huimarisha muundo wa udongo na hivyo kuboresha uingizaji hewa na upenyezaji wa maji.

8 0 PESTS – 8.3 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 6 - 10

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.3 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 6 - 10

Knowledge about plant health and pest and disease ecology helps the farmer to choose effective preventive crop protection measures. As many factors influence the development of pest and disease, it’s crucial to step in at the most sensitive points. This can be accomplished through the right timing of management practices, a suitable combination of different methods, or the choice of a selective method. Some important preventive crop protection measures are the following ones:

 

1)      Application of suitable soil cultivation methods:

→  Facilitates the decomposition of infected plant parts.

→  Regulates weeds which serve as hosts for pests and diseases.

→  Protects the micro-organisms which regulate soil borne diseases.

2)      Use of good water management:

→   No water logging: causes stress to the plant, which encourages pathogens infections.

→   Avoid water on the foliage, as water borne disease spread with droplets and fungal disease germinate in water.

3)      Conservation and promotion of natural enemies:

→   Provide an ideal habitat for natural enemies to grow and reproduce.

→   Avoid using products which harm natural enemies.

 

4)      Selection of optimum planting time and spacing:

→   Most pests or diseases attack the plant only in a certain life stage; therefore it’s crucial that this vulnerable life stage doesn’t correspond with the period of high pest density and thus that the optimal planting time is chosen.

→   Sufficient distance between the plants reduces the spread of a disease.

→ Good aeration of the plants allows leaves to dry off faster, which hinders pathogen development and infection.

5)       Use of proper sanitation measures:

→   Remove infected plant parts (leaves, fruits) from the ground to prevent the disease from spreading.

→   Eliminate residues of infected plants after harvesting.

 

MONITORING

Regular monitoring of pests, diseases and weeds is the basis for effective management. To be able to manage pests, diseases and weeds, information is needed on the specific pests, diseases and weeds present in the region, village or crop fields and the associated damage they cause.

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.3 - TABIA ZA KINGA NA UFUATILIAJI 6 – 10

Ujuzi kuhusu afya ya mimea na ikolojia ya wadudu na magonjwa humsaidia mkulima kuchagua hatua madhubuti za kuzuia mazao. Kwa kuwa mambo mengi huathiri ukuaji wa wadudu na magonjwa, ni muhimu kuingilia kati katika sehemu nyeti zaidi. Hili linaweza kutimizwa kupitia muda sahihi wa mazoea ya usimamizi, mchanganyiko unaofaa wa mbinu tofauti, au uchaguzi wa mbinu iliyochaguliwa. Baadhi ya hatua muhimu za kuzuia mazao ni zifuatazo:

1) Utumiaji wa njia zinazofaa za kilimo cha udongo:

→ Huwezesha kuoza kwa sehemu za mmea zilizoambukizwa.

→ Hudhibiti magugu ambayo hutumika kama mwenyeji wa wadudu na magonjwa.

→ Hulinda viumbe vidogo vinavyodhibiti magonjwa yanayoenezwa na udongo.

2) Matumizi bora ya maji:

→ Hakuna ukataji wa maji: husababisha mkazo kwa mmea, ambayo huhimiza maambukizo ya vimelea.

→ Epuka maji kwenye majani, kwani ugonjwa unaoenezwa na maji huenea kwa matone na ugonjwa wa fangasi huota kwenye maji.

3) Uhifadhi na uendelezaji wa maadui wa asili:

→ Kutoa makazi bora kwa maadui asilia kukua na kuzaliana.

→ Epuka kutumia bidhaa zinazodhuru maadui asilia.

4) Uchaguzi wa wakati mwafaka wa kupanda na nafasi:

→ Wadudu au magonjwa mengi hushambulia mmea katika hatua fulani ya maisha; kwa hivyo ni muhimu kwamba hatua hii ya maisha hatarishi haiwiani na kipindi cha msongamano mkubwa wa wadudu na hivyo kwamba wakati mwafaka wa kupanda uchaguliwe.

→ Umbali wa kutosha kati ya mimea hupunguza kuenea kwa ugonjwa.

→ Uingizaji hewa mzuri wa mimea huruhusu majani kukauka haraka, ambayo huzuia ukuaji wa pathojeni na maambukizi.

5) Matumizi ya hatua sahihi za usafi wa mazingira:

→ Ondoa sehemu za mimea zilizoambukizwa (majani, matunda) kutoka ardhini ili kuzuia ugonjwa usienee.

→ Ondoa mabaki ya mimea iliyoambukizwa baada ya kuvuna.

UFUATILIAJI

Ufuatiliaji wa mara kwa mara wa wadudu, magonjwa na magugu ndio msingi wa usimamizi bora. Ili kuweza kudhibiti wadudu, magonjwa na magugu, taarifa zinahitajika kuhusu wadudu, magonjwa na magugu mahususi waliopo katika mkoa, mashamba ya kijiji au mazao na uharibifu unaohusiana nao.

8 0 PESTS – 8.4 - TYPICAL SIGNE OF DISEASE OF ATTACKS ON CROPPLANTS

 

     ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

     8 0 PESTS – 8.4 - TYPICAL SIGNE OF DISEASE OF ATTACKS ON CROPPLANTS

 

   Most crop diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses. 

•       Fungi cause the great majority, estimated at two-thirds of infectious plant diseases. They include all white and true rusts, smuts, needle casts, leaf curls, mildew, sooty moulds and anthracnose. In addition, they are responsible for most leaf, fruit, and flower spots, cankers, blights, wilts, scabs, and root, stem, fruit, wood rots among many others. Parts of plants or the total crop plant can wither and die.

•       Bacteria cause any of the four following main problems. Some bacteria produce enzymes that breakdown the cell walls of plants anywhere in the plant. This causes parts of the plant to start rotting (known as ‘rot’). Some bacteria produce toxins that are generally damaging to plant tissues, usually causing early death of the plant. Others produce large amounts of very sticky sugars; as they travel through the plant, they block the narrow channels preventing water getting from the plant roots up to the shoots and leaves, again causing rapid death of the plant. Finally, other bacteria produce proteins that mimic plant hormones. These lead to overgrowth of plant tissue and form tumours. 

•       Viruses mostly cause systemic diseases. Generally, leaves show chlorosis or change in colour of leaves and other green parts. Light green or yellow patches of various shades, shapes and sizes appear in affected leaves. These patches may form characteristic mosaic patterns, resulting in general reduction in growth and vigour of the plant.

Careful and continuous monitoring of pest and disease levels during critical times of growth of a crop is the key to successful management. This can be done through regular scouting of the field by the farmer. It helps the farmer to intervene early enough before the pest and/or disease cause significant damage.

TIPS in the picture:  HOW TO MAKE A FRUIT FLY TRAP

1.       Cut a PET bottle

2.       Remove the cap

3.      Insert and glue the reversed upper part of the bottle into the bottom part.

4.      As a bait, use half a cup of vinegar, mixed with water and add 4-6 drops liquid soap

You also can use jam or confiture mixed with water, so that the flies fall in

5.       Hang the bottle in a tree where most fruit flies have been seen,

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.4 - ISHARA YA KAWAIDA YA UGONJWA WA MASHAMBULIZI KWA MIMEA

Magonjwa mengi ya mazao husababishwa na fangasi, bakteria au virusi.

• Kuvu husababisha idadi kubwa, inayokadiriwa kuwa theluthi mbili ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza ya mimea. Wao ni pamoja na kutu zote nyeupe na za kweli, smuts, sindano za sindano, curls za majani, koga, molds za sooty na anthracnose. Zaidi ya hayo, wanahusika na madoa mengi ya majani, matunda, na maua, ukungu, ukungu, mnyauko, upele, na mizizi, shina, matunda, kuoza kwa kuni miongoni mwa mengine mengi. Sehemu za mimea au jumla ya mmea wa mazao zinaweza kunyauka na kufa.

• Bakteria husababisha mojawapo ya matatizo makuu manne yafuatayo. Baadhi ya bakteria huzalisha vimeng'enya ambavyo huvunja kuta za seli za mimea mahali popote kwenye mmea. Hii husababisha sehemu za mmea kuanza kuoza (inayojulikana kama ‘kuoza’). Baadhi ya bakteria hutoa sumu ambayo kwa ujumla huharibu tishu za mmea, kwa kawaida husababisha kifo cha mapema cha mmea. Wengine huzalisha kiasi kikubwa cha sukari yenye kunata sana; wanaposafiri kwenye mmea, huziba njia nyembamba zinazozuia maji kutoka kwenye mizizi ya mmea hadi kwenye vikonyo na majani, na kusababisha kifo cha haraka cha mmea. Hatimaye, bakteria nyingine huzalisha protini zinazoiga homoni za mimea. Hizi husababisha kuongezeka kwa tishu za mmea na kuunda tumors.

• Virusi mara nyingi husababisha magonjwa ya kimfumo. Kwa ujumla, majani yanaonyesha chlorosis au mabadiliko ya rangi ya majani na sehemu nyingine za kijani. Vipande vya rangi ya kijani au njano ya vivuli mbalimbali, maumbo na ukubwa huonekana kwenye majani yaliyoathirika. Vipande hivi vinaweza kuunda mifumo ya mosai ya tabia, na kusababisha kupunguzwa kwa jumla kwa ukuaji na nguvu ya mmea.

Ufuatiliaji makini na unaoendelea wa viwango vya wadudu na magonjwa katika nyakati muhimu za ukuaji wa zao ndio ufunguo wa usimamizi wenye mafanikio. Hili linaweza kufanywa kwa kukagua shamba mara kwa mara na mkulima. Humsaidia mkulima kuingilia kati mapema vya kutosha kabla ya wadudu na/au ugonjwa kuleta madhara makubwa.

 VIDOKEZO kwenye picha: JINSI YA KUTENGENEZA MTEGO WA NZI WA MATUNDA

1. Kata chupa ya PET

2. Ondoa kofia

3. Ingiza na gundi sehemu ya juu ya nyuma ya chupa kwenye sehemu ya chini.

4. Kama chambo, tumia nusu kikombe cha siki, iliyochanganywa na maji na kuongeza matone 4-6 ya sabuni ya maji.

Unaweza pia kutumia jam au confiture iliyochanganywa na maji, ili nzi waanguke

5. Tundika chupa kwenye mti ambapo nzi wengi wa matunda wameonekana

8 0 PESTS – 8.5 - TRAPS TO MONITOR INSECT PESTS

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.5 - TRAPS TO MONITOR INSECT PESTS

 

Scouting avoids unnecessary use of natural plant extracts. Limited use of these substances (e.g. pyrethrum, derris and tobacco) and oils is important as they also have negative effects on beneficial insects. If the application of these substances is not regulated, many pest predators and parasiticides may be killed as well. Over application of these substances may also lead to pests developing resistance. Therefore, scouting should be planned and done in an organised way. It is important to get a random sample that will be representative of the overall situation in the crop garden. Therefore, the scout (farmer) needs to observe and record any of the findings for better decision making. 

The most common pattern in pest and disease scouting programs involves walking along a predetermined zigzag or M-shaped route through a field. This pattern is commonly used because it is easy to teach, convenient to use, and ensures that all regions of the field are visited. To monitor insect pests, different traps can also be used (Figure 8-4 & 8-5). The simple idea is to know more about the presence of the insect pests in the field especially the fast moving (mobile) insect pests (e.g. fruit flies, lepidopteran pests). 

Ø Fruit flies can be captured using bait traps. For example, PE-bottles with small holes can be half-filled with water, some cattle urine, fruit flesh or a small dead fish and a drop of detergent or soapy water. These bottles are then hung in trees and checked every three days. 

 

Ø Yellow plastic cards coated with adhesive are also good for trapping aphids and leafhopper. Yellow-orange plastic boards are appropriate for white flies, while blue cards are appropriate for thrips monitoring. 

 

Ø Light traps are especially needed where noctuid’s (e.g. moths, cutworms, African armyworm, and cotton bollworm) are a problem. Within crops attacked by cutworms, visual checks of caterpillars have to be done by dawn.

 

TEXT in the picture:   TRAPS TO MONITOR INSECT PESTS

·         blue / yellow sticky traps à pest insects ; pheromone trap  à pest insects    

·         homemade trap à fruit flies; light trap à noctuid’s

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.5 - MITEGO YA KUFUATILIA WADUDU WADUDU

Kuchunguza huepuka matumizi yasiyo ya lazima ya dondoo za asili za mimea. Utumiaji mdogo wa dutu hizi (k.m. pareto, derris na tumbaku) na mafuta ni muhimu kwani pia zina athari mbaya kwa wadudu wenye faida. Ikiwa uwekaji wa dutu hizi hautadhibitiwa, wadudu wengi waharibifu na viua wadudu wanaweza kuuawa pia. Utumiaji mwingi wa dutu hizi pia unaweza kusababisha wadudu kukuza upinzani. Kwa hivyo, skauti inapaswa kupangwa na kufanywa kwa njia iliyopangwa. Ni muhimu kupata sampuli ya random ambayo itakuwa mwakilishi wa hali ya jumla katika bustani ya mazao. Kwa hiyo, skauti (mkulima) anahitaji kuchunguza na kurekodi matokeo yoyote kwa ajili ya kufanya maamuzi bora.

Mchoro unaojulikana zaidi katika programu za kupeleleza wadudu na magonjwa huhusisha kutembea kwenye njia ya zigzag iliyoamuliwa mapema au njia yenye umbo la M kupitia shamba. Mchoro huu hutumiwa kwa kawaida kwa sababu ni rahisi kufundisha, rahisi kutumia, na huhakikisha kuwa maeneo yote ya uwanja yametembelewa. Ili kufuatilia wadudu, mitego tofauti pia inaweza kutumika (Mchoro 8-4 & 8-5). Wazo rahisi ni kujua zaidi juu ya uwepo wa wadudu waharibifu shambani hasa wadudu wanaotembea kwa kasi (mkononi) (k.m. nzi wa matunda, wadudu wa lepidopteran).

 Nzi wa matunda wanaweza kunaswa kwa kutumia mitego ya chambo. Kwa mfano, chupa za PE zilizo na mashimo madogo zinaweza kujazwa nusu na maji, mkojo wa ng'ombe, nyama ya matunda au samaki mdogo aliyekufa na tone la sabuni au maji ya sabuni. Chupa hizi zinatundikwa kwenye miti na kukaguliwa kila baada ya siku tatu.

 Kadi za plastiki za manjano zilizopakwa kwa gundi pia ni nzuri kwa kunasa aphids na leafhopper. Bodi za plastiki za manjano-machungwa zinafaa kwa nzi weupe, wakati kadi za bluu zinafaa kwa ufuatiliaji wa thrips.

 Mitego nyepesi inahitajika hasa pale ambapo noctuid (k.m. nondo, minyoo, viwavijeshi wa Kiafrika, na funza wa pamba) ni tatizo. Ndani ya mimea iliyoshambuliwa na minyoo, ukaguzi wa kuona wa viwavi lazima ufanyike alfajiri.

MAANDIKO katika picha: MITEGO YA KUFUATILIA WADUDU WADUDU

• mitego ya kunata ya bluu/njano  wadudu waharibifu; mtego wa pheromone  wadudu waharibifu

• mtego wa kujitengenezea nyumbani  nzi wa matunda; mtego mwepesi  noctuid’s

8 0 PESTS – 8.6 - INDUCE PLANT RESISTANCE

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.6 - INDUCE PLANT RESISTANCE

Organic management and control of diseases is based strongly on strengthening the plant with the aim of enhancing its self-defence and thereby preventing the outbreak of the disease. One typical expression of induced resistance is the thickening of cell walls of the plant, which interferes with pathogen entering the cell. Another is the dying of the infested cell walls, which causes the pathogen to die also, and thus reduce its spread.

There are several resistance-inducing substances that can be prepared by the farmers themselves. Some are plant extracts made from efeu (Hedera helix), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), or giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis). 

Compost teas and herbal teas are tools that can be made on the farm to enhance crop health and fertility, and to inoculate the leaves and roots with soluble nutrients, beneficial microorganisms, and beneficial metabolites (products that aid in the growth and development of plants).  

Compost extract is a fertilizer, but it also can induce plant resistance. For its preparation, mature compost is mixed with water at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:8 (vol/vol: 1L of compost for every 5 to 8 L of water) and well stirred before it is left to ferment for 3-7 days. One spoonful of molasses can be added per litre of liquid, because this enhances the development of the microorganisms. The fermentation site should be shaded and safe from the rain. After the fermentation period and before the application, the extract is well stirred, then filtered and diluted at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10.

Plant extracts can be obtained from stinging nettle, horsetail, comfrey, clover, seaweed and others, alone or mixed with marine by-products such as fish waste or fishmeal. Dilutions of 1:10 or 1:5 are used as foliar spray or soil drench.

As a rule, it is recommended to apply compost extracts or teas every 7 to 10 days to prevent diseases from developing and to enhance soil microorganisms.

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

WADUDU 8 0 - 8.6 - HABARI USTAWI WA MIMEA

Usimamizi na udhibiti wa magonjwa kikaboni umejikita katika kuimarisha mmea kwa lengo la kuimarisha ulinzi wake na hivyo kuzuia mlipuko wa ugonjwa huo. Usemi mmoja wa kawaida wa upinzani unaosababishwa ni unene wa kuta za seli za mmea, ambazo huingilia kati pathojeni inayoingia kwenye seli. Mwingine ni kufa kwa kuta za seli zilizoathiriwa, ambayo husababisha pathojeni kufa pia, na hivyo kupunguza kuenea kwake.

Kuna vitu kadhaa vya kushawishi ambavyo vinaweza kutayarishwa na wakulima wenyewe. Baadhi ni dondoo za mimea zilizotengenezwa kutoka efeu (Hedera helix), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), au knotweed kubwa (Reynoutria sachalinensis).

Chai ya mboji na chai ya mitishamba ni zana zinazoweza kutengenezwa shambani ili kuimarisha afya ya mazao na rutuba, na kuchanja majani na mizizi kwa virutubishi mumunyifu, vijidudu vyenye faida, na metabolites zenye faida (bidhaa zinazosaidia ukuaji na ukuzaji wa mimea) .

Dondoo la mbolea ni mbolea, lakini pia inaweza kusababisha upinzani wa mimea. Kwa ajili ya maandalizi yake, mboji iliyokomaa huchanganywa na maji kwa uwiano wa 1:5 hadi 1:8 (vol/vol/vol: 1L ya mboji kwa kila lita 5 hadi 8 za maji) na kukorogwa vizuri kabla ya kuachwa ichachuke kwa 3- siku 7. Kijiko kimoja cha molasses kinaweza kuongezwa kwa lita moja ya kioevu, kwa sababu hii huongeza maendeleo ya microorganisms. Mahali ya kuchachusha yanapaswa kuwa na kivuli na salama kutokana na mvua. Baada ya kipindi cha fermentation na kabla ya maombi, dondoo huchochewa vizuri, kisha huchujwa na diluted kwa uwiano wa 1: 5 hadi 1:10.

Dondoo za mimea zinaweza kupatikana kutoka kwa nettle, mkia wa farasi, comfrey, clover, mwani na zingine, peke yake au kuchanganywa na bidhaa za baharini kama vile taka za samaki au unga wa samaki. Dilution ya 1:10 au 1:5 hutumiwa kama dawa ya majani au unyevu wa udongo.

Kama kanuni, inashauriwa kutumia dondoo za mbolea au chai kila baada ya siku 7 hadi 10 ili kuzuia magonjwa kutoka kwa maendeleo na kuimarisha microorganisms za udongo.