8 0 PESTS – 8.4 - TYPICAL SIGNE OF DISEASE OF ATTACKS ON CROPPLANTS

 

     ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

     8 0 PESTS – 8.4 - TYPICAL SIGNE OF DISEASE OF ATTACKS ON CROPPLANTS

 

   Most crop diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses. 

•       Fungi cause the great majority, estimated at two-thirds of infectious plant diseases. They include all white and true rusts, smuts, needle casts, leaf curls, mildew, sooty moulds and anthracnose. In addition, they are responsible for most leaf, fruit, and flower spots, cankers, blights, wilts, scabs, and root, stem, fruit, wood rots among many others. Parts of plants or the total crop plant can wither and die.

•       Bacteria cause any of the four following main problems. Some bacteria produce enzymes that breakdown the cell walls of plants anywhere in the plant. This causes parts of the plant to start rotting (known as ‘rot’). Some bacteria produce toxins that are generally damaging to plant tissues, usually causing early death of the plant. Others produce large amounts of very sticky sugars; as they travel through the plant, they block the narrow channels preventing water getting from the plant roots up to the shoots and leaves, again causing rapid death of the plant. Finally, other bacteria produce proteins that mimic plant hormones. These lead to overgrowth of plant tissue and form tumours. 

•       Viruses mostly cause systemic diseases. Generally, leaves show chlorosis or change in colour of leaves and other green parts. Light green or yellow patches of various shades, shapes and sizes appear in affected leaves. These patches may form characteristic mosaic patterns, resulting in general reduction in growth and vigour of the plant.

Careful and continuous monitoring of pest and disease levels during critical times of growth of a crop is the key to successful management. This can be done through regular scouting of the field by the farmer. It helps the farmer to intervene early enough before the pest and/or disease cause significant damage.

TIPS in the picture:  HOW TO MAKE A FRUIT FLY TRAP

1.       Cut a PET bottle

2.       Remove the cap

3.      Insert and glue the reversed upper part of the bottle into the bottom part.

4.      As a bait, use half a cup of vinegar, mixed with water and add 4-6 drops liquid soap

You also can use jam or confiture mixed with water, so that the flies fall in

5.       Hang the bottle in a tree where most fruit flies have been seen,

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.4 - ISHARA YA KAWAIDA YA UGONJWA WA MASHAMBULIZI KWA MIMEA

Magonjwa mengi ya mazao husababishwa na fangasi, bakteria au virusi.

• Kuvu husababisha idadi kubwa, inayokadiriwa kuwa theluthi mbili ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza ya mimea. Wao ni pamoja na kutu zote nyeupe na za kweli, smuts, sindano za sindano, curls za majani, koga, molds za sooty na anthracnose. Zaidi ya hayo, wanahusika na madoa mengi ya majani, matunda, na maua, ukungu, ukungu, mnyauko, upele, na mizizi, shina, matunda, kuoza kwa kuni miongoni mwa mengine mengi. Sehemu za mimea au jumla ya mmea wa mazao zinaweza kunyauka na kufa.

• Bakteria husababisha mojawapo ya matatizo makuu manne yafuatayo. Baadhi ya bakteria huzalisha vimeng'enya ambavyo huvunja kuta za seli za mimea mahali popote kwenye mmea. Hii husababisha sehemu za mmea kuanza kuoza (inayojulikana kama ‘kuoza’). Baadhi ya bakteria hutoa sumu ambayo kwa ujumla huharibu tishu za mmea, kwa kawaida husababisha kifo cha mapema cha mmea. Wengine huzalisha kiasi kikubwa cha sukari yenye kunata sana; wanaposafiri kwenye mmea, huziba njia nyembamba zinazozuia maji kutoka kwenye mizizi ya mmea hadi kwenye vikonyo na majani, na kusababisha kifo cha haraka cha mmea. Hatimaye, bakteria nyingine huzalisha protini zinazoiga homoni za mimea. Hizi husababisha kuongezeka kwa tishu za mmea na kuunda tumors.

• Virusi mara nyingi husababisha magonjwa ya kimfumo. Kwa ujumla, majani yanaonyesha chlorosis au mabadiliko ya rangi ya majani na sehemu nyingine za kijani. Vipande vya rangi ya kijani au njano ya vivuli mbalimbali, maumbo na ukubwa huonekana kwenye majani yaliyoathirika. Vipande hivi vinaweza kuunda mifumo ya mosai ya tabia, na kusababisha kupunguzwa kwa jumla kwa ukuaji na nguvu ya mmea.

Ufuatiliaji makini na unaoendelea wa viwango vya wadudu na magonjwa katika nyakati muhimu za ukuaji wa zao ndio ufunguo wa usimamizi wenye mafanikio. Hili linaweza kufanywa kwa kukagua shamba mara kwa mara na mkulima. Humsaidia mkulima kuingilia kati mapema vya kutosha kabla ya wadudu na/au ugonjwa kuleta madhara makubwa.

 VIDOKEZO kwenye picha: JINSI YA KUTENGENEZA MTEGO WA NZI WA MATUNDA

1. Kata chupa ya PET

2. Ondoa kofia

3. Ingiza na gundi sehemu ya juu ya nyuma ya chupa kwenye sehemu ya chini.

4. Kama chambo, tumia nusu kikombe cha siki, iliyochanganywa na maji na kuongeza matone 4-6 ya sabuni ya maji.

Unaweza pia kutumia jam au confiture iliyochanganywa na maji, ili nzi waanguke

5. Tundika chupa kwenye mti ambapo nzi wengi wa matunda wameonekana