8 0 PESTS – 8.3 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 6 - 10

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.3 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 6 - 10

Knowledge about plant health and pest and disease ecology helps the farmer to choose effective preventive crop protection measures. As many factors influence the development of pest and disease, it’s crucial to step in at the most sensitive points. This can be accomplished through the right timing of management practices, a suitable combination of different methods, or the choice of a selective method. Some important preventive crop protection measures are the following ones:

 

1)      Application of suitable soil cultivation methods:

→  Facilitates the decomposition of infected plant parts.

→  Regulates weeds which serve as hosts for pests and diseases.

→  Protects the micro-organisms which regulate soil borne diseases.

2)      Use of good water management:

→   No water logging: causes stress to the plant, which encourages pathogens infections.

→   Avoid water on the foliage, as water borne disease spread with droplets and fungal disease germinate in water.

3)      Conservation and promotion of natural enemies:

→   Provide an ideal habitat for natural enemies to grow and reproduce.

→   Avoid using products which harm natural enemies.

 

4)      Selection of optimum planting time and spacing:

→   Most pests or diseases attack the plant only in a certain life stage; therefore it’s crucial that this vulnerable life stage doesn’t correspond with the period of high pest density and thus that the optimal planting time is chosen.

→   Sufficient distance between the plants reduces the spread of a disease.

→ Good aeration of the plants allows leaves to dry off faster, which hinders pathogen development and infection.

5)       Use of proper sanitation measures:

→   Remove infected plant parts (leaves, fruits) from the ground to prevent the disease from spreading.

→   Eliminate residues of infected plants after harvesting.

 

MONITORING

Regular monitoring of pests, diseases and weeds is the basis for effective management. To be able to manage pests, diseases and weeds, information is needed on the specific pests, diseases and weeds present in the region, village or crop fields and the associated damage they cause.

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.3 - TABIA ZA KINGA NA UFUATILIAJI 6 – 10

Ujuzi kuhusu afya ya mimea na ikolojia ya wadudu na magonjwa humsaidia mkulima kuchagua hatua madhubuti za kuzuia mazao. Kwa kuwa mambo mengi huathiri ukuaji wa wadudu na magonjwa, ni muhimu kuingilia kati katika sehemu nyeti zaidi. Hili linaweza kutimizwa kupitia muda sahihi wa mazoea ya usimamizi, mchanganyiko unaofaa wa mbinu tofauti, au uchaguzi wa mbinu iliyochaguliwa. Baadhi ya hatua muhimu za kuzuia mazao ni zifuatazo:

1) Utumiaji wa njia zinazofaa za kilimo cha udongo:

→ Huwezesha kuoza kwa sehemu za mmea zilizoambukizwa.

→ Hudhibiti magugu ambayo hutumika kama mwenyeji wa wadudu na magonjwa.

→ Hulinda viumbe vidogo vinavyodhibiti magonjwa yanayoenezwa na udongo.

2) Matumizi bora ya maji:

→ Hakuna ukataji wa maji: husababisha mkazo kwa mmea, ambayo huhimiza maambukizo ya vimelea.

→ Epuka maji kwenye majani, kwani ugonjwa unaoenezwa na maji huenea kwa matone na ugonjwa wa fangasi huota kwenye maji.

3) Uhifadhi na uendelezaji wa maadui wa asili:

→ Kutoa makazi bora kwa maadui asilia kukua na kuzaliana.

→ Epuka kutumia bidhaa zinazodhuru maadui asilia.

4) Uchaguzi wa wakati mwafaka wa kupanda na nafasi:

→ Wadudu au magonjwa mengi hushambulia mmea katika hatua fulani ya maisha; kwa hivyo ni muhimu kwamba hatua hii ya maisha hatarishi haiwiani na kipindi cha msongamano mkubwa wa wadudu na hivyo kwamba wakati mwafaka wa kupanda uchaguliwe.

→ Umbali wa kutosha kati ya mimea hupunguza kuenea kwa ugonjwa.

→ Uingizaji hewa mzuri wa mimea huruhusu majani kukauka haraka, ambayo huzuia ukuaji wa pathojeni na maambukizi.

5) Matumizi ya hatua sahihi za usafi wa mazingira:

→ Ondoa sehemu za mimea zilizoambukizwa (majani, matunda) kutoka ardhini ili kuzuia ugonjwa usienee.

→ Ondoa mabaki ya mimea iliyoambukizwa baada ya kuvuna.

UFUATILIAJI

Ufuatiliaji wa mara kwa mara wa wadudu, magonjwa na magugu ndio msingi wa usimamizi bora. Ili kuweza kudhibiti wadudu, magonjwa na magugu, taarifa zinahitajika kuhusu wadudu, magonjwa na magugu mahususi waliopo katika mkoa, mashamba ya kijiji au mazao na uharibifu unaohusiana nao.