8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.13 - NEEM SOLUTION

 

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.13 - NEEM SOLUTION 

 

The preparation and use of botanicals require some know-how, but not much material and infrastructures. It’s a common practice under many traditional agricultural systems. Some commonly used botanicals are:

 NEEM: Neem derived from the neem tree (Azadiracta indica) of arid tropical regions, contains several insecticidal compounds. The main active ingredient is azadiractin, which both deters and kills many species of caterpillars, thrips and whitefly. Both seeds and leaves can be used to prepare the neem solution. Neem seeds contain a higher amount of neem oil, but leaves are available all year. A neem solution loses its effectiveness within about 8 hours after preparation, and when exposed to direct sunlight. It is most effective to apply neem in the evening, directly after preparation, under humid conditions or when the plants and insects are damp. There exist different recipes for the preparation of a neem solution. 

Recommendation to farmers about preparation of neem pesticides: In Ghana, Africa, neem seed kernel extract was tested on cabbage in Farmer trainings and had a very good repelling effect on diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Here is their recipe: Pound 30 g neem kernels (that is the seed of which the seed coat has been removed) and mix it in 1 L of water. Leave it overnight. The next morning, filter the solution through a fine cloth and use it immediately for spraying. It should not be further diluted.

Neem cake (ground neem seed or neem kernel powder) has also a considerable potential as a fertilizer and at the same time it will hinder nematode attacks of the crop roots (e.g. tomato). Put neem cake in the planting pit (200g per m2) and mix it with substrate. The neem cake will repel and even kill nematodes and other root pests. Insecticidal agents (azadirachtin) will be translocated to above-ground parts of the plant and help to get rid of pests there.

 

The impact of chemical pesticides on natural enemies: the y-axis shows the sizes of the pest and predator populations, the x-axis their development in time

 

TEXT in the picture:

·         A. Handful of seeds to a coarse powder or bruise 2 kg of leaves. To make a concentrate.

·         B. Infuse them 25 minutes in hot water or overnight in cold water.

·         C. Working under shade filter the concentrate into a half-filled tank.

Stir in a little soap powder and top up the tank with clean cold water.

·         D. Spray the crop in the late afternoon because neem breakdown in the sunlight.

 

FIGURE 8-13 - PREPARATION OF A NEEM SOLUTION

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 WADUDU – 8.13 - DAWA ASILI: SULUHISHO LA NEEM

 

Utayarishaji na matumizi ya mimea huhitaji ujuzi fulani, lakini sio nyenzo nyingi na miundombinu. Ni mazoezi ya kawaida chini ya mifumo mingi ya jadi ya kilimo. Baadhi ya mimea inayotumika sana ni:

 NEEM: Mwarobaini unaotokana na mwarobaini (Azadiracta indica) wa maeneo kame ya tropiki, una viambata kadhaa vya kuua wadudu. Kiambatanisho kikuu kinachofanya kazi ni azadiractin, ambayo huzuia na kuua aina nyingi za viwavi, thrips na whitefly. Mbegu na majani yote yanaweza kutumika kuandaa suluhisho la mwarobaini. Mbegu za mwarobaini zina kiasi kikubwa cha mafuta ya mwarobaini, lakini majani yanapatikana mwaka mzima. Myeyusho wa mwarobaini hupoteza ufanisi wake ndani ya takribani saa 8 baada ya kutayarishwa, na unapoangaziwa na jua moja kwa moja. Ni bora zaidi kupaka mwarobaini jioni, moja kwa moja baada ya maandalizi, chini ya hali ya unyevu au wakati mimea na wadudu ni unyevu. Kuna mapishi tofauti ya kuandaa suluhisho la mwarobaini.

Pendekezo kwa wakulima kuhusu utayarishaji wa viuatilifu vya mwarobaini: Nchini Ghana, Afrika, dondoo ya mbegu ya mwarobaini ilijaribiwa kwenye kabichi katika mafunzo ya Wakulima na ilikuwa na athari nzuri sana ya kuzuia nondo ya diamondback (Plutella xylostella). Hiki ndicho kichocheo chao: Ponda 30 g ya mbegu za mwarobaini (hiyo ni mbegu ambayo koti lake la mbegu limeondolewa) na uchanganye katika lita 1 ya maji. Wacha usiku kucha. Asubuhi iliyofuata, chuja suluhisho kupitia kitambaa laini na uitumie mara moja kwa kunyunyizia dawa. Haipaswi kuwa diluted zaidi.

Keki ya mwarobaini (mbegu ya mwarobaini iliyosagwa au unga wa mwarobaini) pia ina uwezo mkubwa kama mbolea na wakati huo huo itazuia mashambulizi ya nematode kwenye mizizi ya mazao (k.m. nyanya). Weka keki ya mwarobaini kwenye shimo la kupandia (200g kwa kila m2) na uchanganye na mkatetaka. Keki ya mwarobaini itafukuza na hata kuua viwavi na wadudu wengine wa mizizi. Dawa za kuua wadudu (azadirachtin) zitahamishwa hadi sehemu za juu za ardhi za mmea na kusaidia kuondoa wadudu huko.

 

Athari za viuatilifu vya kemikali kwa maadui asilia: mhimili y huonyesha saizi ya wadudu na wanyama wanaowinda wanyama wengine, mhimili wa x maendeleo yao kwa wakati.

TEXT kwenye picha:

• A. Kiganja cha mbegu ziwe unga mbichi au ponda kilo 2 za majani. Kufanya umakini.

• B. Watie kwa dakika 25 kwenye maji ya moto au usiku kucha kwenye maji baridi.

• C. Kufanya kazi chini ya kivuli chuja mkusanyiko kwenye tanki iliyojaa nusu.

Koroga poda kidogo ya sabuni na ujaze tanki na maji safi ya baridi.

• D. Nyunyiza mimea majira ya alasiri kwa sababu mwarobaini kukatika kwenye mwanga wa jua.

KIELELEZO 8-13 - MAANDALIZI YA SULUHISHO LA NEEM