9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.8 - ANIMAL HEALTH

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.8 - ANIMAL HEALTH

Disease causing germs and parasites are present almost everywhere. Like humans, animals have an immune system which is usually able to cope with these germs. And as with humans, the efficiency of the immune system will be disturbed if animals are not properly fed, cannot practise their natural behaviour, or are under social stress.

Health is a balance between disease pressure (the presence of germs and parasites) and the resistance (immune system and self-healing forces) of the animal. The farmer can influence both sides of this balance: reduce the quantity of germs by maintaining good hygiene, and strengthen the animal‘s ability to cope with germs (Figure 12-8).

 

Organic animal husbandry puts its focus on improving the living conditions of animals and on strengthening their immune systems. Of course: if an animal gets sick it must be treated. But the farmer should also think about why the immune system of the animal was not able to fight the disease or the parasite attack. And the farmer should think of ways to improve the animals living conditions and hygiene to strengthen it.

 

 

Bacteria, viruses and parasites attacking the farm animal which fights back with its immune system. The farmer can influence both sides of this balance.

 

TIPS on the picture:

·         Bacteria

·         Viruses

·         Parasites

·         Veterinary care

·         Amounts and quality of fodder

·         Exercise, move

·         Social contacts

·         Hygiene

·         Shed system

·         Amounts and quality of water

·         Man – animal interaction

·         Breed variety

 

FIGURE 9.8 - BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND PARASITES ATTACKING THE FARM ANIMAL WHICH FIGHTS BACK WITH ITS IMMUNE SYSTEM.  THE FARMER CAN INFLUENCE BOTH SIDES OF THIS BALANCE

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI - 9.8 - AFYA YA WANYAMA

Vijidudu vinavyosababisha magonjwa na vimelea vipo karibu kila mahali. Kama wanadamu, wanyama wana mfumo wa kinga ambao kawaida huweza kukabiliana na vijidudu hivi. Na kama ilivyo kwa wanadamu, ufanisi wa mfumo wa kinga utasumbuliwa ikiwa wanyama hawatalishwa vizuri, hawawezi kufanya tabia zao za asili, au wako chini ya mkazo wa kijamii.

Afya ni uwiano kati ya shinikizo la ugonjwa (uwepo wa vijidudu na vimelea) na upinzani (mfumo wa kinga na nguvu za kujiponya) za mnyama. Mkulima anaweza kuathiri pande zote za uwiano huu: kupunguza wingi wa vijidudu kwa kudumisha usafi, na kuimarisha uwezo wa mnyama wa kukabiliana na vijidudu (Mchoro 12-8).

 

Ufugaji wa wanyama hai huweka mkazo wake katika kuboresha hali ya maisha ya wanyama na kuimarisha mifumo yao ya kinga. Bila shaka: ikiwa mnyama anaugua ni lazima kutibiwa. Lakini mkulima anapaswa pia kufikiria kwa nini mfumo wa kinga wa mnyama haukuweza kupambana na ugonjwa huo au mashambulizi ya vimelea. Na mkulima anapaswa kufikiria njia za kuboresha hali ya maisha ya wanyama na usafi ili kuimarisha.

 

Bakteria, virusi na vimelea vinavyoshambulia mnyama wa shamba ambaye hupigana na mfumo wake wa kinga. Mkulima anaweza kuathiri pande zote mbili za usawa huu.

 

TIPS kwenye picha:

• Bakteria

• Virusi

• Vimelea

• Huduma ya mifugo

• Kiasi na ubora wa malisho

• Fanya mazoezi, songa

• Anwani za kijamii

• Usafi

• Mfumo wa banda

• Kiasi na ubora wa maji

• Mwanadamu - mwingiliano wa wanyama

• Kuzaa aina mbalimbali

 

KIELELEZO 9.8 - BAKTERIA, VIRUSI NA VIUMBE VINAVYOMSHAMBULIA MNYAMA SHAMBANI ANAYEPIGANA NA MFUMO WAKE WA KINGA YAKE. MKULIMA ANAWEZA KUSHAWISHI PANDE MBILI ZA MIZANI HII