8 0 PESTS – 8.6 - INDUCE PLANT RESISTANCE

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 0 PESTS – 8.6 - INDUCE PLANT RESISTANCE

Organic management and control of diseases is based strongly on strengthening the plant with the aim of enhancing its self-defence and thereby preventing the outbreak of the disease. One typical expression of induced resistance is the thickening of cell walls of the plant, which interferes with pathogen entering the cell. Another is the dying of the infested cell walls, which causes the pathogen to die also, and thus reduce its spread.

There are several resistance-inducing substances that can be prepared by the farmers themselves. Some are plant extracts made from efeu (Hedera helix), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), or giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis). 

Compost teas and herbal teas are tools that can be made on the farm to enhance crop health and fertility, and to inoculate the leaves and roots with soluble nutrients, beneficial microorganisms, and beneficial metabolites (products that aid in the growth and development of plants).  

Compost extract is a fertilizer, but it also can induce plant resistance. For its preparation, mature compost is mixed with water at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:8 (vol/vol: 1L of compost for every 5 to 8 L of water) and well stirred before it is left to ferment for 3-7 days. One spoonful of molasses can be added per litre of liquid, because this enhances the development of the microorganisms. The fermentation site should be shaded and safe from the rain. After the fermentation period and before the application, the extract is well stirred, then filtered and diluted at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10.

Plant extracts can be obtained from stinging nettle, horsetail, comfrey, clover, seaweed and others, alone or mixed with marine by-products such as fish waste or fishmeal. Dilutions of 1:10 or 1:5 are used as foliar spray or soil drench.

As a rule, it is recommended to apply compost extracts or teas every 7 to 10 days to prevent diseases from developing and to enhance soil microorganisms.

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

WADUDU 8 0 - 8.6 - HABARI USTAWI WA MIMEA

Usimamizi na udhibiti wa magonjwa kikaboni umejikita katika kuimarisha mmea kwa lengo la kuimarisha ulinzi wake na hivyo kuzuia mlipuko wa ugonjwa huo. Usemi mmoja wa kawaida wa upinzani unaosababishwa ni unene wa kuta za seli za mmea, ambazo huingilia kati pathojeni inayoingia kwenye seli. Mwingine ni kufa kwa kuta za seli zilizoathiriwa, ambayo husababisha pathojeni kufa pia, na hivyo kupunguza kuenea kwake.

Kuna vitu kadhaa vya kushawishi ambavyo vinaweza kutayarishwa na wakulima wenyewe. Baadhi ni dondoo za mimea zilizotengenezwa kutoka efeu (Hedera helix), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), au knotweed kubwa (Reynoutria sachalinensis).

Chai ya mboji na chai ya mitishamba ni zana zinazoweza kutengenezwa shambani ili kuimarisha afya ya mazao na rutuba, na kuchanja majani na mizizi kwa virutubishi mumunyifu, vijidudu vyenye faida, na metabolites zenye faida (bidhaa zinazosaidia ukuaji na ukuzaji wa mimea) .

Dondoo la mbolea ni mbolea, lakini pia inaweza kusababisha upinzani wa mimea. Kwa ajili ya maandalizi yake, mboji iliyokomaa huchanganywa na maji kwa uwiano wa 1:5 hadi 1:8 (vol/vol/vol: 1L ya mboji kwa kila lita 5 hadi 8 za maji) na kukorogwa vizuri kabla ya kuachwa ichachuke kwa 3- siku 7. Kijiko kimoja cha molasses kinaweza kuongezwa kwa lita moja ya kioevu, kwa sababu hii huongeza maendeleo ya microorganisms. Mahali ya kuchachusha yanapaswa kuwa na kivuli na salama kutokana na mvua. Baada ya kipindi cha fermentation na kabla ya maombi, dondoo huchochewa vizuri, kisha huchujwa na diluted kwa uwiano wa 1: 5 hadi 1:10.

Dondoo za mimea zinaweza kupatikana kutoka kwa nettle, mkia wa farasi, comfrey, clover, mwani na zingine, peke yake au kuchanganywa na bidhaa za baharini kama vile taka za samaki au unga wa samaki. Dilution ya 1:10 au 1:5 hutumiwa kama dawa ya majani au unyevu wa udongo.

Kama kanuni, inashauriwa kutumia dondoo za mbolea au chai kila baada ya siku 7 hadi 10 ili kuzuia magonjwa kutoka kwa maendeleo na kuimarisha microorganisms za udongo.