ORGANIC COURSE SWAHILI

Freitag, 21. Oktober 2022

9 3 POULTRY – 9.18 - HOT WHEATHER HEAT TIPS Part -3-

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 3 POULTRY – 9.18 - HOT WHEATHER HEAT TIPS Part -3-

FEED SUPPLEMENTATION

*As layer hens’ feed intake tends to reduce during hotter months, they should be fed with supplemented diets, so that egg production is not reduced.

*Layers prefer high energy (in terms of fat calories) and low protein (2- 3 percent less than normal) diets with balanced amino acids (in terms of lysine and methionine). Supplementing feed with respect to energy should be done in the form of fat calories only, and the following are worth keeping in mind:

*Replace 10-15 percent of feed energy normally supplied by carbohydrates and proteins with 1-2 percent vegetable oil/fats

*Substitute 20-25 percent of de-oiled rice bran with oiled rice bran. This will not only ensure that the feed is rich in fat calories, but it will also prevent feed becoming dusty so making it more palatable. Use only fresh oiled rice bran, and keep only 1 week to 10 days’ supply to avoid oxidation of stocks.

*Supplement the layer feed with amino acids in line with feed intake. Replace DL-methionine with methionine hydroxyl analogue and betaine.

Increase the calcium content of the diet from 4 percent to 5 percent.

*Replace 40-50 percent of any salt in the diet with sodium bicarbonate to help maintain egg shell quality.

*Vitamin and mineral premixes should be increased by 25 percent, with particular attention paid to vitamins C, A and E.

*Supplementation with additives such as symbiotic, Phyto biotics, acidifiers and dextrose can also help in alleviating the heat stress.

*Feed birds as specific times. One-third of the feed should be given in the early hours of the day, 4-5 a.m., and the remainder later in the day, noon-1 p.m. It is beneficial to dim the lights while feeding, in order to reduce physical activity and hence heat load on the birds. Feed should be stirred in the feeders. During hotter months, birds wet feed with saliva, which can lead to caking in the feeder, the growth of mould, and production losses.

*A good mycotoxin binder should be added to the poultry feed.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT

A minimum-maximum thermometer should be hung inside the poultry shed to check temperature variations during the day. The application of any medicines or vaccines, debeaking, and any movement of the birds should be carried out during the cooler part of the day. When medicines are administered, there should be plenty of cool, fresh water available as well as quality feed. Anti-coccidia drugs, however, should be used with caution and selectively during hotter weather as some can aggravate heat stress.

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KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 3 KUKU – 9.18 - VIDOKEZO VYA JOTO LA ANGA MOTO Sehemu ya -3-

NYONGEZA YA MALISHO

*Kwa vile ulaji wa chakula cha kuku wa tabaka huelekea kupungua wakati wa miezi ya joto kali, wanapaswa kulishwa na vyakula vya ziada, ili uzalishaji wa yai usipungue.

*Tabaka hupendelea nishati nyingi (kwa upande wa kalori za mafuta) na protini ya chini (asilimia 2- 3 chini ya kawaida) mlo na asidi ya amino iliyosawazishwa (kwa suala la lysine na methionine). Kuongeza chakula kwa heshima na nishati kunapaswa kufanywa kwa njia ya kalori ya mafuta tu, na yafuatayo yanafaa kukumbuka:

*Badilisha asilimia 10-15 ya nishati ya chakula inayotolewa kwa kawaida na wanga na protini kwa asilimia 1-2 ya mafuta/mafuta ya mboga.

*Badala ya asilimia 20-25 ya pumba za mchele zilizokatwa mafuta na pumba za mchele zilizotiwa mafuta. Hii haitahakikisha tu kwamba malisho yana kalori nyingi za mafuta, lakini pia itazuia malisho kuwa na vumbi hivyo kuifanya iwe ya kupendeza zaidi. Tumia pumba mpya za mchele zilizotiwa mafuta pekee, na uhifadhi chakula kutoka kwa wiki 1 hadi siku 10 ili kuepuka uoksidishaji wa hifadhi.

*Ongeza malisho ya safu na asidi ya amino kulingana na ulaji wa malisho. Badilisha DL-methionine na analog ya methionine hidroksili na betaine.

Kuongeza maudhui ya kalsiamu ya chakula kutoka asilimia 4 hadi asilimia 5.

*Badilisha asilimia 40-50 ya chumvi yoyote kwenye lishe na sodium bicarbonate ili kusaidia kudumisha ubora wa ganda la yai.

*Michanganyiko ya vitamini na madini inapaswa kuongezwa kwa asilimia 25, kwa kuzingatia hasa vitamini C, A na E.

*Kuongeza viungio kama vile symbiotic, Phyto biotics, acidifiers na dextrose pia kunaweza kusaidia katika kupunguza shinikizo la joto.

*Lisha ndege kama nyakati maalum. Theluthi moja ya malisho inapaswa kutolewa mapema asubuhi, saa 4-5 asubuhi, na iliyobaki baadaye mchana, saa sita mchana-1 p.m. Ni manufaa kupunguza taa wakati wa kulisha, ili kupunguza shughuli za kimwili na hivyo mzigo wa joto kwenye ndege. Chakula kinapaswa kuchochewa kwenye malisho. Katika miezi ya joto kali, ndege hulisha kwa mate, ambayo inaweza kusababisha kuoka kwenye malisho, ukuaji wa ukungu na upotezaji wa uzalishaji.

*Kifungashio kizuri cha mycotoxin kiongezwe kwenye chakula cha kuku.

USIMAMIZI MKUU

Kipimajoto cha kiwango cha chini zaidi kinapaswa kuanikwa ndani ya banda la kuku ili kuangalia mabadiliko ya joto wakati wa mchana. Utumiaji wa dawa au chanjo yoyote, kunyoosha, na harakati zozote za ndege zinapaswa kufanywa wakati wa baridi zaidi wa siku. Wakati dawa zinatumiwa, lazima kuwe na maji mengi ya baridi, safi yanayopatikana pamoja na malisho bora. Dawa za kuzuia coccidia, hata hivyo, zinapaswa kutumiwa kwa tahadhari na kwa kuchagua wakati wa hali ya hewa ya joto zaidi kwani zingine zinaweza kuongeza mkazo wa joto.

9 4 SHEEP’S – 9.25 - REARING AND CALCULATION

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 4 SHEEP’S – 9.25 - REARING AND CALCULATION

COMMERCIAL SHEEP PRODUCTION EXPLAINED

Sheep farming agribusiness can be a lucrative business if well planned and professionally executed.

Dorper, Merino and Hampshire remain the best commercial breeds for farming in Kenya

A well-reared improved sheep matures between 6 and 8 months and reaches an average weight of 50-70 kg for females and 50-over 100 kg for males.

The farm gate price for sheep in Kenya currently averages between Ksh 150 and 200 per kilo live weight.

This puts a 50kg local sheep between Ksh. 7,500-Ksh. 10,000 and a 70kg improved sheep (mutton) at Ksh. 10,500-Ksh. 14,000 (improved varieties can reach a live weight of over 100 kg). Which is of course due to the feed and the additional feeding with grain.

The cost of professional sheep farming in Kenya averages 5000-Ksh. 6000 without rangeland (This cost reduces with the availability of rangeland/pasture and the ability to produce most of the forage yourself).

Professionally bred sheep can reach a weight of over 70 kg.

If a farmer is able to produce sheep of at least 70kg live weight, such farmer is able to make a profit of at least Ksh. 4,500 per sheep without making rangeland (this is very possible with Dorper and Merino sheep)

With 100 sheep, such a farmer can make a profit of over Ksh. 450,000 every 6 months. do.

Agribusiness Tips

1. Invest in the best breeds from reputable breeders.

2. Feed your sheep feed at 10% of their live weight plus 150-200 grams of concentrate per day.

3. Concentrates for sheep should have the following ratios: 40% corn bran, 30% peanut cake/almond cake, 10% wheat bran, 13% defiled rice bran/broken gram, 5% molasses, 2% mineral blend, 1% salt vitamins and antibiotics.

Remember, you can earn even bigger wins with Dorper Sheep.

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 4 KONDOO - 9.25 - UFUGAJI NA HESABU

UZALISHAJI WA KONDOO WA BIASHARA WAELEZWA

Biashara ya ufugaji wa kondoo inaweza kuwa biashara yenye faida kubwa ikiwa itapangwa vyema na kutekelezwa kitaalamu.

Dorper, Merino na Hampshire zimesalia kuwa mifugo bora zaidi ya kibiashara kwa kilimo nchini Kenya

Kondoo aliyeboreshwa aliyefugwa vizuri hukomaa kati ya miezi 6 na 8 na kufikia wastani wa uzito wa kilo 50-70 kwa majike na 50-zaidi ya kilo 100 kwa madume.

Bei ya lango la shamba la kondoo nchini Kenya kwa sasa ni wastani kati ya Ksh 150 na 200 kwa kilo moja ya uzani wa kuishi.

Hii inaweka kondoo wa kienyeji wa kilo 50 kati ya Ksh. 7,500-Ksh. 10,000 na kondoo aliyeboreshwa wa kilo 70 kwa Ksh. 10,500-Ksh. 14,000 (aina zilizoboreshwa zinaweza kufikia uzito wa kuishi zaidi ya kilo 100). Ambayo bila shaka ni kutokana na malisho na kulisha ziada na nafaka.

Gharama ya ufugaji wa kondoo kitaalamu nchini Kenya ni wastani wa 5000-Ksh. 6000 bila nyanda za malisho (Gharama hii inapungua kutokana na uwepo wa nyanda za malisho/malisho na uwezo wa kuzalisha malisho mengi wewe mwenyewe).

Kondoo waliofugwa kitaalamu wanaweza kufikia uzito wa zaidi ya kilo 70.

Ikiwa mkulima anaweza kuzalisha kondoo wa angalau kilo 70 uzito hai, mkulima kama huyo anaweza kupata faida ya angalau Ksh. 4,500 kwa kila kondoo bila kutengeneza nyanda za malisho (hii inawezekana sana kwa kondoo wa Dorper na Merino)

Akiwa na kondoo 100, mkulima kama huyo anaweza kupata faida ya zaidi ya Ksh. 450,000 kila baada ya miezi 6. fanya.

Vidokezo vya Biashara ya Kilimo

1. Wekeza kwenye mifugo bora kutoka kwa wafugaji wanaotambulika.

2. Lisha kondoo wako kwa 10% ya uzito wao wa kuishi pamoja na gramu 150-200 za makinikia kwa siku.

3. Vikolezo kwa ajili ya kondoo vinapaswa kuwa na uwiano ufuatao: 40% ya pumba za mahindi, 30% keki ya karanga/keki ya mlozi, 10% ya pumba za ngano, 13% pumba ya mchele iliyochafuliwa/gramu iliyovunjika, molasi 5%, mchanganyiko wa madini 2%, chumvi 1%. vitamini na antibiotics.

Kumbuka, unaweza kupata ushindi mkubwa zaidi ukitumia Dorper Sheep.