ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.1 - NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

 

Soil is a living system and soil fertility is the key to agricultural productivity. The maintenance of the fertility of the soil is the primary step in any agricultural system. The plethora of microorganism inherent in any soil system ensures that nutrient cycle is in place and the large substrate is broken down to minute particles that can be easy assimilated by the plant’s root system. Therefore, farmers should maintain the inherent soil fertility by replacing the nutrients removed by the crops or livestock grazing by using green manures, animal manures (raw or composted) and other natural fertilizers.

The input and output of plant nutrients must be monitored through a soil testing program, to ensure that nutrient depletion does not take place. Soils deficient in nutrient cannot support either crop production or active populations of beneficial microorganisms, which are essential for a productive soil.

 

TEXT in the picture:

·         A loose and soft soil structure with a lot of cavities

·         Visible parts of organic matter act like tiny sponges.

·         Many beneficial soil organisms such as earth worms are feeding on organic material.

·         Soil organic matter provides a suitable environment for soil organism

·         Non-visible parts of organic matter act like a clue, sticking soil particles together.

·         Good aeration and good infiltration of rain and irrigation water.

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA – 7.1 - USIMAMIZI WA VIRUTUBISHO KATIKA KILIMO HAI

 

Udongo ni mfumo wa maisha na rutuba ya udongo ni ufunguo wa uzalishaji wa kilimo. Utunzaji wa rutuba ya udongo ni hatua ya msingi katika mfumo wowote wa kilimo. Wingi wa vijidudu vilivyo katika mfumo wowote wa udongo huhakikisha kwamba mzunguko wa virutubisho upo na sehemu ndogo imevunjwa hadi chembe ndogo ambazo zinaweza kunyambulishwa kwa urahisi na mfumo wa mizizi ya mmea. Kwa hivyo, wakulima wanapaswa kudumisha rutuba ya asili ya udongo kwa kubadilisha virutubisho vinavyoondolewa na mazao au malisho ya mifugo kwa kutumia mbolea ya kijani, mbolea za wanyama (mbichi au mboji) na mbolea nyingine za asili.

Pembejeo na pato la virutubisho vya mimea lazima lifuatiliwe kupitia programu ya kupima udongo, ili kuhakikisha kwamba upungufu wa virutubisho haufanyiki. Udongo wenye upungufu wa virutubishi hauwezi kusaidia uzalishaji wa mazao au idadi hai ya vijidudu vyenye faida, ambavyo ni muhimu kwa udongo wenye tija.

 

TEXT kwenye picha:

• Muundo wa udongo uliolegea na laini wenye mashimo mengi

• Sehemu zinazoonekana za vitu vya kikaboni hutenda kama sifongo vidogo.

• Viumbe wengi wa udongo wenye manufaa kama vile minyoo ya ardhini wanakula nyenzo za kikaboni.

• Mabaki ya viumbe hai kwenye udongo hutoa mazingira ya kufaa kwa viumbe vya udongo

• Sehemu zisizoonekana za viumbe hai hufanya kama kidokezo, kuunganisha chembe za udongo pamoja.

• Uingizaji hewa mzuri na upenyezaji mzuri wa mvua na maji ya umwagiliaji.

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   ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) 

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

don.ronaldo@gmx.de

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.2 - ACTIVE SOIL OF HIGH FERTILITY

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

 7 0 COMPOST – 7.2 - ACTIVE SOIL OF HIGH FERTILITY

A RICH AND ACTIVE SOIL OF HIGH FERTILITY … TRY TO ARCHIEVE

TEXT in the picture:

·         Protection of the soil through plant cover

·         A good nutrient management.

·         A balanced crop rotation or mixed cropping.

·         An appropriate tillage method.

·         Balanced feeding and protection of soil organism.

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA – 7.2 - UDONGO HALISI WENYE RUTUBA YA JUU

UDONGO TAJIRI NA UNAOFANYA WENYE RUTUBA YA JUU … JARIBU KUWEKA Kumbukumbu

TEXT kwenye picha:

• Ulinzi wa udongo kupitia kifuniko cha mimea

• Usimamizi mzuri wa virutubishi.

• Kubadilisha mazao kwa uwiano au upandaji miti mchanganyiko.

• Mbinu ifaayo ya kulima.

• Kulisha na kulinda viumbe vya udongo kwa uwiano.

Copyright by

  ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) 

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

don.ronaldo@gmx.de

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

7 0 COMPOST- 7.3 - FACTORS INFLUENCING SOIL FERTILITY

 

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST- 7.3 - FACTORS INFLUENCING SOIL FERTILITY

Improvement in agricultural sustainability requires, alongside effective water and crop management, the optimal use and management of soil fertility and soil physical properties: Both rely on soil biological process and soil biodiversity. This requires the adoption of management practices that enhance soil biological activity and build-up long term soil productivity and health.

 

TEXT in the picture:

·         Infiltration of water

·         Soil structure

·         Exploitable depth

·         Sufficient drainage #

·         Parent soil

·         Release of nutrients

·         Minerals

·         Active soil life

·         Acidity (pH)

·         Content of organic matter

·         Water retention

·         Ground water

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA- 7.3 - MAMBO YANAYOATHIRI RUTUBA YA UDONGO.

Uboreshaji wa uendelevu wa kilimo unahitaji, pamoja na usimamizi bora wa maji na mazao, matumizi na usimamizi bora wa rutuba ya udongo na sifa halisi za udongo: Yote yanategemea mchakato wa kibayolojia wa udongo na bioanuwai ya udongo. Hii inahitaji kupitishwa kwa mazoea ya usimamizi ambayo huongeza shughuli za kibiolojia ya udongo na kujenga tija ya udongo na afya ya muda mrefu.

 

TEXT kwenye picha:

• Kupenyeza kwa maji

• Muundo wa udongo

• Kina kinachoweza kunyonywa

• Mifereji ya maji ya kutosha #

• Udongo wa wazazi

• Kutolewa kwa virutubisho

• Madini

• Uhai hai wa udongo

• Asidi (pH)

• Maudhui ya viumbe hai

• Uhifadhi wa maji

• Maji ya ardhini

  

   ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.4 - HOW TO INCREASE THE CONTENT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.4 - HOW TO INCREASE THE CONTENT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

The main practices to enhance soil fertility include the use of organic fertilizers such as.

A.     Compost and vermicompost

B.     Green manures

C.      Animal manure

D.     Microbial fertilizers

E.      Mineral fertilizers 

TEXT in the picture:

·         Applying compost

·         Using green manure or cover crops

·         Suitable crop rotations

·         Leaving crop residues on the field

·         Applying organic manures

·         Mulching with plant materials or agro wastes

·         Reducing soil tillage

·         Avoiding soil erosion

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA - 7.4 - NAMNA YA KUONGEZA MAUDHUI YA MAMBO HAI YA UDONGO

 

Mbinu kuu za kuimarisha rutuba ya udongo ni pamoja na matumizi ya mbolea za kikaboni kama vile.

A. Mbolea na vermicompost

B. Mbolea za kijani

C. Mbolea ya wanyama

D. Mbolea za microbial

E. Mbolea za madini

TEXT kwenye picha:

• Kuweka mboji

• Kutumia mbolea ya kijani au mazao ya kufunika

• Mzunguko unaofaa wa mazao

• Kuacha mabaki ya mazao shambani

• Kuweka mbolea ya kikaboni

• Kutandaza kwa nyenzo za mimea au taka za kilimo

• Kupunguza ulimaji wa udongo

• Kuepuka mmomonyoko wa udongo

Copyright by

    ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.5 - THE PROCESS OF COMPOSTING – HOW WASTES BECOME HUMUS

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

 7 0 COMPOST – 7.5 - THE PROCESS OF COMPOSTING – HOW WASTES BECOME   HUMUS

Composting is the process of transforming organic materials of plant or animal origin into humus in heaps or pits. Compared with uncontrolled decomposition of organic material, decomposition in the composting process occurs at a faster rate, reaches higher temperatures and results in a product of higher quality.

Within the process of composting, three main phases can be distinguished: the heating phase, the cooling phase and the maturing phase. However, these phases cannot be clearly separated from one another

1.       THE HEATING PHASE:

•       Within 3 days of setting up the compost heap, the temperature in the heap rises to 60 to 70 °C and usually stays at this level for 2–3 weeks. Most of the decomposition occurs during the heating phase.

•       In this phase, it is mainly bacteria which are active. The high temperature is a result of energy released during conversion of easily decomposable material by the bacteria. The warm temperature is a typical and important part of the composting process. The heat destroys diseases pests, weed roots and seeds.

•       During this first phase of the composting process, the bacteria have a very high oxygen demand due to the rapid development of their population. High temperatures in the heap signal that there is an adequate supply of oxygen for the bacteria. If there is not enough air in the heap, bacterial development will be hindered, and the compost will develop an unpleasant odour.

•       Humidity is also essential to the composting process, as bacteria require humid conditions for their work. The need for water is greatest during the heating phase because of high biological activity and strong evaporation occurring during this phase. As the heat increases, the pH of the compost heap rises (i.e. acidity decreases).

2.    HE COOLING PHASE:

•       Once the material which is easily digested by the bacteria has been converted, the temperature in the compost heap declines slowly and will remain at 25–45 °C.

•       With the decline in temperature, fungi settle and start the decomposition of straw, fibres and wooden material. As this decomposition process is slower, the temperature of the heap does not rise.

•       As the temperature drops, the pH of the composting material declines (i.e. acidity increases). 

3.   THE MATURING PHASE:

•       During the maturing phase nutrients are mineralised and humid acids and antibiotics are built-up.

•       Red compost worms and other soil organisms start to inhabit the heap during this phase.

•       At the end of this phase the compost has lost about half of its original volume, has the colour of dark, fertile soil and is ready to use.

•       The longer it is stored from now on, the more it loses its quality as a fertilizer, while its capacity to improve soil structure increases.

•       In the maturing phase, the compost needs much less water than in the heating phase.

TEXT in the picture:

·         In temperature the bacteria develop rapidly

·         Fungi developed

·         Ground animals begin habitation

·         Formation of humid acids

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

  7 0 MBOLEA – 7.5 - MCHAKATO WA MBOLEA – JINSI TAKA ZINAVYOKUWA HUMUS

 

Kuweka mboji ni mchakato wa kubadilisha malighafi ya asili ya mimea au wanyama kuwa mboji kwenye lundo au mashimo. Ikilinganishwa na mtengano usiodhibitiwa wa nyenzo za kikaboni, mtengano katika mchakato wa kutengeneza mboji hutokea kwa kasi zaidi, hufikia joto la juu na husababisha bidhaa ya ubora wa juu.

Ndani ya mchakato wa kutengeneza mbolea, awamu tatu kuu zinaweza kutofautishwa: awamu ya joto, awamu ya baridi na awamu ya kukomaa. Walakini, awamu hizi haziwezi kutenganishwa wazi kutoka kwa kila mmoja.

1. AWAMU YA JOTO:

• Ndani ya siku 3 baada ya kuweka lundo la mboji, joto kwenye lundo hupanda hadi 60 hadi 70 °C na kwa kawaida hukaa katika kiwango hiki kwa wiki 2-3. Wengi wa mtengano hutokea wakati wa awamu ya joto.

• Katika awamu hii, ni hasa bakteria ambao wanafanya kazi. Joto la juu ni matokeo ya nishati iliyotolewa wakati wa ubadilishaji wa nyenzo zinazoweza kuoza kwa urahisi na bakteria. Joto la joto ni sehemu ya kawaida na muhimu ya mchakato wa kutengeneza mbolea. Joto huharibu wadudu wa magonjwa, mizizi ya magugu na mbegu.

• Wakati wa awamu hii ya kwanza ya mchakato wa kutengeneza mboji, bakteria wana mahitaji ya juu sana ya oksijeni kutokana na ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu. Joto la juu katika lundo huashiria kwamba kuna ugavi wa kutosha wa oksijeni kwa bakteria. Ikiwa hakuna hewa ya kutosha kwenye lundo, maendeleo ya bakteria yatazuiwa, na mbolea itakua harufu mbaya.

• Unyevunyevu pia ni muhimu kwa mchakato wa kutengeneza mboji, kwani bakteria huhitaji hali ya unyevunyevu kwa kazi yao. Uhitaji wa maji ni mkubwa zaidi wakati wa awamu ya joto kwa sababu ya shughuli za juu za kibiolojia na uvukizi mkubwa unaotokea wakati wa awamu hii. Joto linapoongezeka, pH ya lundo la mboji hupanda (yaani asidi hupungua).

2. AWAMU YA KUPOA:

• Mara tu nyenzo ambayo inayeyushwa kwa urahisi na bakteria inapobadilishwa, joto kwenye lundo la mboji hupungua polepole na kubaki 25–45 °C.

• Kwa kushuka kwa joto, kuvu hutulia na kuanza kuoza kwa majani, nyuzi na nyenzo za mbao. Kwa kuwa mchakato huu wa kuoza ni polepole, joto la lundo halipanda.

• Joto linaposhuka, pH ya nyenzo za mboji hupungua (yaani asidi huongezeka).

•

3. AWAMU YA KUPANDA:

• Wakati wa awamu ya kukomaa, virutubisho huwa na madini na asidi yenye unyevunyevu na viuavijasumu hujengeka.

• Minyoo nyekundu ya mboji na viumbe vingine vya udongo huanza kukaa kwenye lundo katika awamu hii.

• Mwishoni mwa awamu hii mboji imepoteza karibu nusu ya ujazo wake wa awali, ina rangi ya udongo mweusi, wenye rutuba na iko tayari kutumika.

• Kadiri inavyohifadhiwa kuanzia sasa, ndivyo inavyozidi kupoteza ubora wake kama mbolea, huku uwezo wake wa kuboresha muundo wa udongo ukiongezeka.

• Katika awamu ya kukomaa, mboji huhitaji maji kidogo sana kuliko katika awamu ya kupasha joto.

TEXT kwenye picha:

• Katika hali ya joto bakteria hukua haraka

• Kuvu kumetokea

• Wanyama wa ardhini huanza makazi

  • Uundaji wa asidi ya unyevu

Copyright by

     ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.