8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.12 – BOTANICALS

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.12 – BOTANICALS

 

Some plants contain components that are toxic to insects. When extracted from the plants and applied on infested crops, these components are called botanical pesticides or botanicals. The use of plant extracts to control pests is not new. Rotenone (Derris sp.), nicotine (tobacco), and pyrethrins (Chrysanthemum sp.) have been used widely both in small-scale subsistence farming as well as in commercial agriculture.

Most botanical pesticides are contact, respiratory, or stomach poisons. Therefore, they are not very selective, but target a broad range of insects. This means that even beneficial organisms can be affected. Yet the toxicity of botanical pesticides is usually not very high and their negative effects on beneficial organisms can be significantly reduced by selective application. Furthermore, botanical pesticides are generally highly bio-degradable, so that they become inactive within hours or a few days. This reduces again the negative impact on beneficial organisms, and they are relatively environmentally safe compared to chemical pesticides:

The impact of chemical pesticides on natural enemies: the y-axis shows the sizes of the pest and predator populations, the x-axis their development in time

FIGURE 8-12 - THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES ON NATURAL ENEMIES

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 DAWA ASILI ZA WAdudu – 8.12 -BOTANICALS

Mimea mingine ina vipengele ambavyo ni sumu kwa wadudu. Inapotolewa kutoka kwa mimea na kutumika kwenye mazao yaliyoshambuliwa, vipengele hivi huitwa dawa za mimea au mimea. Matumizi ya dondoo za mimea kudhibiti wadudu sio jambo geni. Rotenone (Derris sp.), nikotini (tumbaku), na pyrethrins (Chrysanthemum sp.) zimetumika sana katika ukulima mdogo na pia katika kilimo cha biashara.

Dawa nyingi za dawa za mimea ni za kugusa, kupumua, au sumu ya tumbo. Kwa hiyo, sio kuchagua sana, lakini hulenga aina mbalimbali za wadudu. Hii ina maana kwamba hata viumbe vyenye manufaa vinaweza kuathiriwa. Hata hivyo sumu ya viuatilifu vya mimea kwa kawaida sio juu sana na athari zake mbaya kwa viumbe vyenye manufaa zinaweza kupunguzwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa matumizi ya kuchagua. Zaidi ya hayo, dawa za kuulia wadudu za mimea kwa ujumla zinaweza kuharibika kwa kiasi kikubwa, hivyo basi hazifanyi kazi ndani ya saa au siku chache. Hii inapunguza tena athari mbaya kwa viumbe vyenye faida, na ni salama kwa mazingira ikilinganishwa na dawa za kemikali:

Sasa inashughulikia masomo yote 500 yenye mazao, mitishamba na maelezo ya matunda katika Kiingereza na Maswali

Athari za viuatilifu vya kemikali kwa maadui asilia: mhimili y huonyesha saizi ya wadudu na wanyama wanaowinda wanyama wengine, mhimili wa x maendeleo yao kwa wakati.

KIELELEZO 8-12 - ATHARI ZA VIUMBE VYA KEMIKALI KWA MAADUI WA ASILI.

 

                      

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.13 - NEEM SOLUTION

 

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.13 - NEEM SOLUTION 

 

The preparation and use of botanicals require some know-how, but not much material and infrastructures. It’s a common practice under many traditional agricultural systems. Some commonly used botanicals are:

 NEEM: Neem derived from the neem tree (Azadiracta indica) of arid tropical regions, contains several insecticidal compounds. The main active ingredient is azadiractin, which both deters and kills many species of caterpillars, thrips and whitefly. Both seeds and leaves can be used to prepare the neem solution. Neem seeds contain a higher amount of neem oil, but leaves are available all year. A neem solution loses its effectiveness within about 8 hours after preparation, and when exposed to direct sunlight. It is most effective to apply neem in the evening, directly after preparation, under humid conditions or when the plants and insects are damp. There exist different recipes for the preparation of a neem solution. 

Recommendation to farmers about preparation of neem pesticides: In Ghana, Africa, neem seed kernel extract was tested on cabbage in Farmer trainings and had a very good repelling effect on diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Here is their recipe: Pound 30 g neem kernels (that is the seed of which the seed coat has been removed) and mix it in 1 L of water. Leave it overnight. The next morning, filter the solution through a fine cloth and use it immediately for spraying. It should not be further diluted.

Neem cake (ground neem seed or neem kernel powder) has also a considerable potential as a fertilizer and at the same time it will hinder nematode attacks of the crop roots (e.g. tomato). Put neem cake in the planting pit (200g per m2) and mix it with substrate. The neem cake will repel and even kill nematodes and other root pests. Insecticidal agents (azadirachtin) will be translocated to above-ground parts of the plant and help to get rid of pests there.

 

The impact of chemical pesticides on natural enemies: the y-axis shows the sizes of the pest and predator populations, the x-axis their development in time

 

TEXT in the picture:

·         A. Handful of seeds to a coarse powder or bruise 2 kg of leaves. To make a concentrate.

·         B. Infuse them 25 minutes in hot water or overnight in cold water.

·         C. Working under shade filter the concentrate into a half-filled tank.

Stir in a little soap powder and top up the tank with clean cold water.

·         D. Spray the crop in the late afternoon because neem breakdown in the sunlight.

 

FIGURE 8-13 - PREPARATION OF A NEEM SOLUTION

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 WADUDU – 8.13 - DAWA ASILI: SULUHISHO LA NEEM

 

Utayarishaji na matumizi ya mimea huhitaji ujuzi fulani, lakini sio nyenzo nyingi na miundombinu. Ni mazoezi ya kawaida chini ya mifumo mingi ya jadi ya kilimo. Baadhi ya mimea inayotumika sana ni:

 NEEM: Mwarobaini unaotokana na mwarobaini (Azadiracta indica) wa maeneo kame ya tropiki, una viambata kadhaa vya kuua wadudu. Kiambatanisho kikuu kinachofanya kazi ni azadiractin, ambayo huzuia na kuua aina nyingi za viwavi, thrips na whitefly. Mbegu na majani yote yanaweza kutumika kuandaa suluhisho la mwarobaini. Mbegu za mwarobaini zina kiasi kikubwa cha mafuta ya mwarobaini, lakini majani yanapatikana mwaka mzima. Myeyusho wa mwarobaini hupoteza ufanisi wake ndani ya takribani saa 8 baada ya kutayarishwa, na unapoangaziwa na jua moja kwa moja. Ni bora zaidi kupaka mwarobaini jioni, moja kwa moja baada ya maandalizi, chini ya hali ya unyevu au wakati mimea na wadudu ni unyevu. Kuna mapishi tofauti ya kuandaa suluhisho la mwarobaini.

Pendekezo kwa wakulima kuhusu utayarishaji wa viuatilifu vya mwarobaini: Nchini Ghana, Afrika, dondoo ya mbegu ya mwarobaini ilijaribiwa kwenye kabichi katika mafunzo ya Wakulima na ilikuwa na athari nzuri sana ya kuzuia nondo ya diamondback (Plutella xylostella). Hiki ndicho kichocheo chao: Ponda 30 g ya mbegu za mwarobaini (hiyo ni mbegu ambayo koti lake la mbegu limeondolewa) na uchanganye katika lita 1 ya maji. Wacha usiku kucha. Asubuhi iliyofuata, chuja suluhisho kupitia kitambaa laini na uitumie mara moja kwa kunyunyizia dawa. Haipaswi kuwa diluted zaidi.

Keki ya mwarobaini (mbegu ya mwarobaini iliyosagwa au unga wa mwarobaini) pia ina uwezo mkubwa kama mbolea na wakati huo huo itazuia mashambulizi ya nematode kwenye mizizi ya mazao (k.m. nyanya). Weka keki ya mwarobaini kwenye shimo la kupandia (200g kwa kila m2) na uchanganye na mkatetaka. Keki ya mwarobaini itafukuza na hata kuua viwavi na wadudu wengine wa mizizi. Dawa za kuua wadudu (azadirachtin) zitahamishwa hadi sehemu za juu za ardhi za mmea na kusaidia kuondoa wadudu huko.

 

Athari za viuatilifu vya kemikali kwa maadui asilia: mhimili y huonyesha saizi ya wadudu na wanyama wanaowinda wanyama wengine, mhimili wa x maendeleo yao kwa wakati.

TEXT kwenye picha:

• A. Kiganja cha mbegu ziwe unga mbichi au ponda kilo 2 za majani. Kufanya umakini.

• B. Watie kwa dakika 25 kwenye maji ya moto au usiku kucha kwenye maji baridi.

• C. Kufanya kazi chini ya kivuli chuja mkusanyiko kwenye tanki iliyojaa nusu.

Koroga poda kidogo ya sabuni na ujaze tanki na maji safi ya baridi.

• D. Nyunyiza mimea majira ya alasiri kwa sababu mwarobaini kukatika kwenye mwanga wa jua.

KIELELEZO 8-13 - MAANDALIZI YA SULUHISHO LA NEEM

 

8 1 NATURAL PETICIDES – 8.17 - OTHER PRACTICES FOR DISEASE CONTROL

 

  

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PETICIDES – 8.17 - OTHER PRACTICES FOR DISEASE CONTROL  

 

Ø  Sulphur is mostly used against plant diseases like powdery mildew, downy mildew and other diseases. The key to its efficacy is that it prevents spore germination. For this reason, it must be applied prior to disease development for effective results. Sulphur can be applied as a dust or in liquid form. It is not compatible with other pesticides. Lime-sulphur is formed when lime is added to sulphur to help it penetrate plant tissue. It is more effective than elemental sulphur at lower concentrations. However, the odour of rotten eggs usually discourages its use over extensive fields.

Ø  Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulphate and lime) has been successfully used for over 150 years, on fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. Unlike sulphur, Bordeaux mixture is both fungicidal and bactericidal. As such, it can be effectively used against diseases such as leaf spots caused by bacteria or fungi, powdery mildew, downy mildew and various anthracnose pathogens. The ability of Bordeaux mixture to persist through rains and to adhere to plants is one reason it has been so effective. Bordeaux mixture contains copper sulphate, which is acidic, and neutralized by lime (calcium hydroxide), which is alkaline. 

Recommendations to farmers on preparation of Bordeaux mixture: Bordeaux mixture comes in several formulations. One of the most popular, effective and least phytotoxic formulations for general use is the following formulation: Mix 90 g of blue copper sulphate with 4,5 L of water (in a non-metallic container). In another non-metallic container, mix 125 grams of slaked lime with 4.5 litres of water. Stir both, mix both solutions, and stir again. This formulation was developed in recognition of the fact that copper, like sulphur, is phytotoxic and that the level of toxicity is related to the age of plant tissue being treated. Application of Bordeaux during hot weather (above 29,5° C or 1,5° C) may cause yellowing and leaf drop. Additionally, leaf burn can occur if it rains soon after a Bordeaux application. Care should be taken when applying this fungicide to young, tender leaves of fruit trees. Do not apply Bordeaux mixture to corn or sorghum, which are described as copper-sensitive plants. There are other, very common and cheap copper formulations available: copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride. They are accepted in organic farming provided that the number of applications is strictly followed and a proper soil amendment is observed to prevent copper accumulation in the soil. 

Ø  Acidic clays have a fungicidal effect due to aluminium oxide or aluminium sulphate as active agents. They are used as an alternative to copper products but, are often less efficient.

Ø  Milk has also been used against blights, mildew, mosaic viruses and other fungal and viral diseases. Spraying every 10 days with a mixture of 1 L of milk to 10 to 15 L of water is effective.

Ø  Baking soda has been used to control mildew and rust diseases on plants. Spray with a mixture of 100 g of baking or washing soda with 50 g of soft soap. Dilute with 2 L of water. Spray only once and leave as long gaps as possible (several months). Do not use during hot weather and test the mixture on a few leaves because of possible phytotoxic effects.

Many plant extracts are known to have fungicidal effects. Onion and garlic are effective against many diseases such as mildew and fungal and bacterial diseases. Mexican and African marigold act as a crop “strengthened” to help potatoes, beans, tomatoes and peas resist fungal diseases such as mildew. The leaves of pawpaw (Carica papaya) and sweet basil have a general fungicidal effect. Many other plant species are known to have fungicidal effects. Traditional knowledge might be of help to amend the range of plant extracts in each region.

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 0 WADUDU – 8.17 - TABIA NYINGINE ZA KUDHIBITI MAGONJWA

 Sulfuri hutumika zaidi dhidi ya magonjwa ya mimea kama vile ukungu, ukungu na magonjwa mengine. Ufunguo wa ufanisi wake ni kuzuia kuota kwa spore. Kwa sababu hii, lazima itumike kabla ya maendeleo ya ugonjwa kwa matokeo ya ufanisi. Sulfuri inaweza kutumika kama vumbi au katika hali ya kioevu. Haiendani na dawa zingine za wadudu. Chokaa-sulphur huundwa wakati chokaa kinaongezwa kwenye sulfuri ili kusaidia kupenya tishu za mimea. Ni bora zaidi kuliko sulfuri ya msingi k

atika viwango vya chini. Hata hivyo, harufu ya mayai yaliyooza kwa kawaida huzuia matumizi yake juu ya mashamba makubwa.

 Mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux (Copper sulphate na chokaa) umetumika kwa mafanikio kwa zaidi ya miaka 150, kwenye matunda, mboga mboga na mapambo. Tofauti na salfa, mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux ni wa kuua na kuua bakteria. Kwa hivyo, inaweza kutumika kwa ufanisi dhidi ya magonjwa kama vile madoa ya majani yanayosababishwa na bakteria au fangasi, ukungu wa unga, ukungu na vimelea mbalimbali vya magonjwa ya anthracnose. Uwezo wa mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux kuendelea kupitia mvua na kuambatana na mimea ni sababu moja umekuwa mzuri sana. Mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux una sulphate ya shaba, ambayo ni tindikali, na haipatikani na chokaa (hidroksidi ya kalsiamu), ambayo ni ya alkali.

Mapendekezo kwa wakulima juu ya utayarishaji wa mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux: Mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux huja katika uundaji kadhaa. Mojawapo ya uundaji maarufu zaidi, wenye ufanisi na mdogo wa phytotoxic kwa matumizi ya jumla ni uundaji ufuatao: Changanya 90 g ya sulphate ya shaba ya bluu na 4,5 L za maji (katika chombo kisicho na metali). Katika chombo kingine kisicho na metali, changanya gramu 125 za chokaa kilichopigwa na lita 4.5 za maji. Koroga zote mbili, changanya suluhu zote mbili, na ukoroge tena. Muundo huu ulitengenezwa kwa kutambua ukweli kwamba shaba, kama salfa, ina sumu ya fitoksi na kwamba kiwango cha sumu kinahusiana na umri wa tishu za mmea kutibiwa. Uwekaji wa Bordeaux wakati wa joto (zaidi ya 85° F au 30° C) unaweza kusababisha manjano na kushuka kwa majani. Zaidi ya hayo, kuchomwa kwa majani kunaweza kutokea ikiwa mvua inanyesha mara baada ya maombi ya Bordeaux. Uangalifu unapaswa kuchukuliwa wakati wa kutumia dawa hii ya kuvu kwa majani machanga na laini ya miti ya matunda. Usitumie mchanganyiko wa Bordeaux kwenye mahindi au mtama, ambayo inaelezwa kuwa mimea inayoguswa na shaba. Kuna uundaji mwingine, wa kawaida sana na wa bei nafuu wa shaba unaopatikana: hidroksidi ya shaba na oksikloridi ya shaba. Zinakubalika katika kilimo-hai mradi tu idadi ya maombi inafuatwa kikamilifu na marekebisho sahihi ya udongo yanazingatiwa ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa shaba kwenye udongo.

 Udongo wenye asidi huwa na athari ya kuua ukungu kutokana na oksidi ya alumini au salfa ya alumini kama mawakala hai. Zinatumika kama mbadala kwa bidhaa za shaba lakini, mara nyingi hazifanyi kazi vizuri.

 Maziwa pia yametumika dhidi ya ukungu, ukungu, virusi vya mosaic na magonjwa mengine ya fangasi na virusi. Kunyunyizia kila siku 10 kwa mchanganyiko wa lita 1 ya maziwa hadi lita 10 hadi 15 za maji ni nzuri.

 Soda ya kuoka imetumika kudhibiti magonjwa ya ukungu na kutu kwenye mimea. Nyunyiza na mchanganyiko wa 100 g ya kuoka au kuosha soda na 50 g ya sabuni laini. Punguza na 2 L ya maji. Nyunyizia dawa mara moja tu na uache mapengo marefu iwezekanavyo (miezi kadhaa). Usitumie wakati wa hali ya hewa ya joto na jaribu mchanganyiko kwenye majani machache kwa sababu ya athari zinazowezekana za phytotoxic.

Extracts nyingi za mimea zinajulikana kuwa na athari za fungicidal. Vitunguu na kitunguu saumu ni bora dhidi ya magonjwa mengi kama vile ukungu na magonjwa ya fangasi na bakteria. Marigold ya Mexico na Afrika hufanya kama zao "iliyoimarishwa" kusaidia viazi, maharagwe, nyanya na mbaazi kupinga magonjwa ya ukungu kama vile ukungu. Majani ya papai (Carica papai) na basil tamu yana athari ya jumla ya kuvu. Aina nyingine nyingi za mimea zinajulikana kuwa na athari za fungicidal. Maarifa ya kimapokeo yanaweza kusaidia kurekebisha aina mbalimbali za dondoo za mimea katika kila eneo.

 

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.15 - A LOT OF MORE NATURAL PESTICIDES

 

ORGANIC LESSONS COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.15 - A LOT OF MORE NATURAL PESTICIDES

 

There are many other extracts of plants known to have insecticidal effects like

tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), yellow root (Xanthorhiza simplicissima),

fish bean (Tephrosia vogelii), violet tree (Securidaca longepedunculata), and

nasturtium (Nasturtium trapaeolum) which are traditionally used to control pests in Africa.  Anise, chillies, chives, garlic, coriander, nasturtium, spearmint and marigold

 

There are plants known to have a repellent effect on different pest insects (aphids, moths, root flies, etc.) and can be grown as intercrop or at the border of crop fields:

Marigold is especially known to deter root nematodes, while neem cake is known to deter mice.

 

TEXT in the picture:

Trap cropping (push – pull strategy) in Maize for pest stalk borer.

Trap plant (napier gras)

 Rebellant plant (desmodium)

Trap plant

The trap plant is more attractive to the pest either alternative food source or egg laying site than the main crop.

Repellent crop produces an odour that “pushes” away pests.

 

FIGURE 8-15 - TRAP CROPPING - TRAP INTERCROPPING

 

MASOMO HAI KOZI YA KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 DAWA ASILI ZA WADUDU – 8.15 - NYINGI ZAIDI YA DAWA ZA ASILI

 

Kuna dondoo zingine nyingi za mimea inayojulikana kuwa na athari za wadudu kama

tumbaku (Nicotiana tabacum), mizizi ya manjano (Xanthorhiza simplicissima),

maharagwe ya samaki (Tephrosia vogelii), mti wa urujuani (Securidaca longepedunculata), na

nasturtium (Nasturtium trapaeolum) ambayo kwa jadi hutumika kudhibiti wadudu waharibifu barani Afrika. Anise, pilipili, chives, vitunguu, coriander, nasturtium, spearmint na marigold.

Kuna mimea inayojulikana kuwa na athari ya kufukuza wadudu mbalimbali waharibifu (aphid, nondo, nzi wa mizizi, n.k.) na inaweza kukuzwa kama mseto au kwenye mpaka wa mashamba ya mazao:

Marigold inajulikana sana kuzuia nematode za mizizi, wakati keki ya mwarobaini inajulikana kuwazuia panya.

TEXT kwenye picha:

Upandaji wa mtego ( mkakati wa kusukuma - kuvuta) katika Mahindi kwa vipekecha shina wa wadudu.

Kiwanda cha mtego (napier gras)

Mmea ulioasi (desmodium)

Mtego wa kupanda

Mmea wa kutega huvutia zaidi wadudu ama chanzo mbadala cha chakula au mahali pa kutagia mayai kuliko zao kuu.

Mazao ya mbu hutoa harufu ambayo "husukuma" wadudu.

KIELELEZO 8-15 - KUPANDA KWA MITEGO - KUPATA MTEGO

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.16 - PRECAUTIONS TO FARMERS REGARDING USE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

  

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES – 8.16 - PRECAUTIONS TO FARMERS REGARDING USE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

 

Despite being “natural” and widely used in agricultural systems, some botanicals may be dangerous for humans and they can be very toxic to natural enemies. Nicotine for example, derived from the tobacco plant, is one of the most toxic organic poisons for humans and other warm-blooded animals. Pyrethrins are not poisonous for humans and warm-blooded animals. However, human allergic reactions are common. It can cause rash and breathing the dust can cause headaches and sickness. 

-     Before a new botanical pesticide is applied in a large scale, its effect on the ecosystem should be tested in a small field experiment. Do not just use botanical pesticides as a default option! First understand the ecosystem and how botanicals influence it!

-     Do not have direct skin contact with the crude extract during the process of preparation and application. 

-     Contact with plant extracts should be avoided in the eyes. 

-     Make sure that you place the plant extract out of reach of children during storage.   

-     Wear protective clothing (eyes, mouth, nose and skin) while applying the extract.  –

-     Wash your hands after handling the plant extract.

Besides extractions of plants, there are some other natural pesticides, which are allowed in organic farming. Although some of these products have limited selectivity and are not fully biodegradable, there are situations, when their use is justified. However, in most cases, the desired effect is best reached in combination with preventive crop protection methods. Some examples are:

•       Soft soap solutions: against aphids and other sucking insects.

•       Light mineral oil: against various insect pests (harms natural enemies!).

•       Sulphur: against spider mites (harms natural enemies!). The acaricidal effect of sulphur is best at temperatures above 12° C. However, sulphur has the potential to cause plant injury in dry hot weather (above 32° C). It’s also incompatible with other pesticides. Sulphur should not be used together or after treatments with oil to avoid phytotoxicity.

•       Plant ashes: wood ashes from fireplaces can be efficient against ants, leaf miners, stem borers, termites and potato moths. Ash should be dusted directly on pest colonies and infested plant parts. The ash will dehydrate the soft bodied pests. Wood ashes are often used when storing grains to deter storage pests such as weevils. In addition, ashes are used against soil borne diseases.

•        

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 DAWA ZA ASILI – 8.16 - TAHADHARI KWA WAKULIMA KUHUSU MATUMIZI YA DONDOO ZA MIMEA.

 

Licha ya kuwa "asili" na kutumika sana katika mifumo ya kilimo, baadhi ya mimea inaweza kuwa hatari kwa wanadamu na inaweza kuwa sumu sana kwa maadui wa asili. Nikotini kwa mfano, inayotokana na mmea wa tumbaku, ni mojawapo ya sumu ya kikaboni yenye sumu kwa wanadamu na wanyama wengine wenye damu joto. Pyrethrins sio sumu kwa wanadamu na wanyama wenye damu ya joto. Hata hivyo, athari za mzio wa binadamu ni za kawaida. Inaweza kusababisha upele na kupumua vumbi kunaweza kusababisha maumivu ya kichwa na ugonjwa.

- Kabla ya dawa mpya ya mimea kutumiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa, athari yake kwenye mfumo ikolojia inapaswa kujaribiwa katika jaribio dogo la shamba. Usitumie tu viuatilifu vya mimea kama chaguo-msingi! Kwanza elewa mfumo ikolojia na jinsi mimea inavyoathiri!

- Usiguse ngozi moja kwa moja na dondoo ghafi wakati wa mchakato wa utayarishaji na uwekaji.

- Kuwasiliana na dondoo za mimea kunapaswa kuepukwa machoni.

- Hakikisha kwamba unaweka dondoo la mmea mahali pasipoweza kufikiwa na watoto wakati wa kuhifadhi.

- Vaa nguo za kujikinga (macho, mdomo, pua na ngozi) unapopaka dondoo. -

- Nawa mikono yako baada ya kushika dondoo la mmea.

Kando na uchimbaji wa mimea, kuna dawa zingine za asili zinazoruhusiwa katika kilimo hai. Ingawa baadhi ya bidhaa hizi zina uwezo mdogo wa kuchagua na haziwezi kuharibika kikamilifu, kuna hali wakati matumizi yao yanahesabiwa haki. Hata hivyo, katika hali nyingi, athari inayotaka hupatikana vyema pamoja na mbinu za kuzuia mazao. Baadhi ya mifano ni:

• Suluhisho la sabuni laini: dhidi ya vidukari na wadudu wengine wanaonyonya.

• Mafuta ya madini ya mwanga: dhidi ya wadudu mbalimbali wadudu (hudhuru maadui wa asili!).

• Sulphur: dhidi ya sarafu za buibui (hudhuru maadui wa asili!). Athari ya acaricidal ya sulfuri ni bora kwa joto la zaidi ya 12 ° C. Hata hivyo, sulfuri ina uwezo wa kusababisha uharibifu wa mmea katika hali ya hewa kavu ya joto (zaidi ya 32 ° C). Pia haiendani na dawa zingine za wadudu. Sulfuri haipaswi kutumiwa pamoja au baada ya matibabu na mafuta ili kuepuka phytotoxicity.

• Majivu ya mimea: majivu ya kuni kutoka mahali pa moto yanaweza kuwa bora dhidi ya mchwa, wachimbaji wa majani, vipekecha shina, mchwa na nondo za viazi. Majivu yanapaswa kumwagika moja kwa moja kwenye makundi ya wadudu na sehemu za mimea zilizoathirika. Majivu yatapunguza maji kwa wadudu wenye miili laini. Majivu ya kuni mara nyingi hutumika wakati wa kuhifadhi nafaka ili kuzuia wadudu waharibifu kama vile wadudu waharibifu. Aidha, majivu hutumiwa dhidi ya magonjwa yanayotokana na udongo.

 

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES - 8.18 - CHILLI - POWDER SPRAYS AS INSECTICIDE

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES - 8.18 - CHILLI - POWDER SPRAYS AS INSECTICIDE

Homemade chili powder sprays can protect plants against insects and other pests that may be eating the garden. Chili powder spray won't kill all insects, but the spray will repel most insects and other pests that eat garden plants. It should not be sprayed directly on fruits, vegetables or herbs meant for the table as they could end up tasting like chili powder. Limit the spray to nonedible leaves.

REPELLANT

Insects do not like plants with a strong odour or taste. The capsaicin that gives chili powder its hot flavour is distasteful to insects. Spraying plants or the soil around the plants with chili powder spray can keep insects from taking a taste. Because chili powder can be irritating to skin, wearing gloves while working with spray is recommended. Precautions need to be taken to keep the spray from getting into the eyes or on exposed skin as well, especially during windy weather.

CHILI

For a basic chili pepper spray, add 1½ teaspoons of chili powder to 1 quart of water. Add two drops of liquid dish soap to help the spray adhere to surfaces. Like human skin, some plants can be irritated or burned by chili powder sprays, so always spray one or two leaves as a test. Leave the spray on the test leaves for several days to watch for a reaction. If the sprayed leaves are wilted, yellow or look burned, do not spray the plant with chili spray. The spray can be applied to the soil around sensitive plants and still be effective against many insects and garden pests.

GARLIC

To increase the potency of chili powder spray, garlic can be added. Chop an entire head of garlic and add to 1 quart of hot water, let steep for 24 hours. Strain the mixture through cheesecloth to remove the garlic pulp. Add 1 teaspoon of chili powder and two drops of liquid dish soap. Garlic can repel beneficial insects like ladybugs as well as pests, so this spray should not be used near areas where beneficial insects live.

ONION

Adding onion can also boost chili powder spray. Finely chop or puree a small onion and steep in water for an hour. Strain the liquid through cheesecloth to remove the onion pulp. Add 1 teaspoon of chili powder and half a teaspoon of liquid dish detergent. For persistent pests or a bad infestation, both garlic and onion can be added to the chili powder spray.

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 DAWA ASILI- 8.18 - CHILLI - PODA INAPULIA KAMA DAWA

Vinyunyuzi vya poda ya pilipili vilivyotengenezwa nyumbani vinaweza kulinda mimea dhidi ya wadudu na wadudu wengine ambao wanaweza kuwa wanakula bustani. Kunyunyizia poda ya pilipili haitaua wadudu wote, lakini dawa hiyo itafukuza wadudu wengi na wadudu wengine wanaokula mimea ya bustani. Haipaswi kunyunyiziwa moja kwa moja kwenye matunda, mboga mboga au mimea iliyokusudiwa kwa meza kwani inaweza kuishia kuonja kama unga wa pilipili. Punguza dawa kwa majani yasiyoweza kuliwa.

KIZUIZI

Wadudu hawapendi mimea yenye harufu kali au ladha. Kapsaisini inayotoa poda ya pilipili ladha yake ya moto haichukizi wadudu. Kunyunyizia mimea au udongo unaozunguka mimea kwa kutumia poda ya pilipili kunaweza kuzuia wadudu kuonja. Kwa sababu poda ya pilipili inaweza kuwasha ngozi, kuvaa glavu wakati wa kufanya kazi na dawa kunapendekezwa. Tahadhari zinapaswa kuchukuliwa ili kuzuia dawa isiingie machoni au kwenye ngozi iliyo wazi pia, haswa wakati wa hali ya hewa ya upepo.

CHILI

Kwa dawa ya msingi ya pilipili, ongeza kijiko 1½ cha poda ya pilipili kwa lita 1 ya maji. Ongeza matone mawili ya sabuni ya kioevu ili kusaidia dawa kuambatana na nyuso. Kama ngozi ya binadamu, baadhi ya mimea inaweza kuwashwa au kuchomwa na dawa ya kupuliza pilipili, kwa hivyo nyunyiza majani moja au mawili kila wakati kama mtihani. Acha dawa kwenye majani ya mtihani kwa siku kadhaa ili kuangalia majibu. Ikiwa majani yaliyonyunyiziwa yamenyauka, ya manjano au yanaonekana kuchomwa, usinyunyize mmea na pilipili. Dawa inaweza kutumika kwenye udongo karibu na mimea nyeti na bado kuwa na ufanisi dhidi ya wadudu wengi na wadudu wa bustani.

KITUNGUU SAUMU

Ili kuongeza nguvu ya dawa ya pilipili, vitunguu vinaweza kuongezwa. Kata kichwa kizima cha vitunguu na uongeze kwa lita 1 ya maji ya moto, acha iwe mwinuko kwa masaa 24. Chuja mchanganyiko kupitia cheesecloth ili kuondoa massa ya vitunguu. Ongeza kijiko 1 cha poda ya pilipili na matone mawili ya sabuni ya kioevu. Kitunguu saumu kinaweza kufukuza wadudu wenye manufaa kama vile kunguni na wadudu, kwa hivyo dawa hii isitumike karibu na maeneo ambayo wadudu wenye manufaa huishi.

KITUNGUU

Kuongeza vitunguu pia kunaweza kuongeza dawa ya pilipili. Kata vitunguu laini au suuza na uimimine ndani ya maji kwa saa moja. Chuja kioevu kupitia cheesecloth ili kuondoa massa ya vitunguu. Ongeza kijiko 1 cha poda ya pilipili na kijiko cha nusu cha sabuni ya kioevu ya sahani. Kwa wadudu wanaoendelea au kushambuliwa vibaya, vitunguu saumu na vitunguu vinaweza kuongezwa kwenye dawa ya poda ya pilipili.

  

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES -8.19 - NATURAL WAYS TO GET RID OF ANTS

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

8 1 NATURAL PESTICIDES -8.19 - NATURAL WAYS TO GET RID OF ANTS

 

Ants are helpful in some respects, but there are times when they end up causing damage to your Garden. Here are a few non-toxic methods to help you. If you have used other methods that worked, please let us know.

 

USE CITRUS PEELINGS

Collect citrus peelings (orange, lemon, etc.), ground them up and mix with water. Spray the liquid concoction over the ant mound. This method is an effective natural remedy for getting rid of carpenter ants and other garden ants. If you don't want to make this, you can buy Orange Guard. It is a liquid spray that includes only natural ingredients (the main ingredient is orange peel extract, otherwise known as d-Limonene). This product is not harmful to garden soil or surrounding environment and is EPA-registered. Since all ingredients are food grade, it also won’t damage your crops.

 

USE BOILING WATER

If you can see the anthills, pouring boiling water over them several days in a row is a great way to reduce or eliminate an ant colony. You should use at least 3 gallons of boiling water for each ant mound.

 

USE BORAX MIXTURE

Spraying a mixture containing borax is effective to kill garden ants. For this purpose, combine equal amounts of borax and sugar and spray the mixture randomly in the garden or wherever you notice garden ants. Sugar attracts the ants to feed on the mixture and the borax kills the ants. By following this method, you will be successful in getting rid of sugar ants. I also heard recently that a Family had used a mixture of peanut butter, honey and borax to get rid of some colonies. They rolled mixture into small balls and left by the nest.

 

SPRINKLE GRITS

Grits or hot cereals are a good choice for getting rid of ants in the yard and garden. Sprinkle it in the garden, especially in the ant mounds and hills. After ants feed on the grits, they expand in their stomach and kill them.

 

CINNAMON

While not the cheapest method, sprinkling ground cinnamon along the perimeter of your garden (or any surface area, for that matter) will repel ants, but not kill them. Create a thick line that will force ants to climb over and watch both red and black ants refuse to do so. Cinnamon will also reduce the number of ants in your compost pile if they are bothersome.

 

Grow Mint Herb

Ants hate any type of strong odour. The pungent aromatic scent of mint leaves acts as natural pesticide for the ants. So, do not delay in planting mint in your garden so as to get rid of the troublesome ants. The permanent solution for garden ants is to grow and maintain mint plants throughout the year.

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

8 1 DAWA ASILI -8.19 - NJIA ASILI ZA KUONDOA Mchwa.

 

Mchwa husaidia katika mambo fulani, lakini kuna wakati huishia kusababisha uharibifu kwenye bustani yako. Hapa kuna mbinu chache zisizo na sumu za kukusaidia. Ikiwa umetumia njia zingine zilizofanya kazi, tafadhali tujulishe.

 

TUMIA MICHUZI YA MCHANGANYIKO

Kusanya maganda ya machungwa (machungwa, limao, nk), yasaga na kuchanganya na maji. Nyunyiza mchanganyiko wa kioevu juu ya kilima cha mchwa. Njia hii ni suluhisho bora la asili la kuondoa mchwa wa seremala na mchwa wengine wa bustani. Ikiwa hutaki kufanya hivi, unaweza kununua Orange Guard. Ni dawa ya kioevu inayojumuisha viungo vya asili tu (kiungo kikuu ni dondoo la peel ya machungwa, inayojulikana kama d-Limonene). Bidhaa hii haina madhara kwa udongo wa bustani au mazingira jirani na imesajiliwa EPA. Kwa kuwa viungo vyote ni vya daraja la chakula, pia haitaharibu mazao yako.

 

TUMIA MAJI YA KUCHEMSHA

Ikiwa unaweza kuona vichuguu, kumwaga maji ya moto juu yao kwa siku kadhaa mfululizo ni njia nzuri ya kupunguza au kuondoa safu ya mchwa. Unapaswa kutumia angalau galoni 3 za maji ya moto kwa kila kilima cha chungu.

 

TUMIA MCHANGANYIKO WA BORAX

Kunyunyizia mchanganyiko ulio na borax ni bora kuua mchwa wa bustani. Kwa kusudi hili, changanya viwango sawa vya borax na sukari na nyunyiza mchanganyiko nasibu kwenye bustani au popote unapoona mchwa wa bustani. Sukari huwavutia mchwa kula mchanganyiko huo na borax huua mchwa. Kwa kufuata njia hii, utakuwa na mafanikio katika kuondokana na mchwa wa sukari. Pia nilisikia hivi majuzi kwamba Familia moja ilikuwa imetumia mchanganyiko wa siagi ya karanga, asali na borax ili kuondoa koloni. Walivingirisha mchanganyiko ndani ya mipira midogo na kushoto na kiota.

 

NYUNYIZIA GRITI

Grits au nafaka za moto ni chaguo nzuri kwa kuondokana na mchwa kwenye yadi na bustani. Nyunyiza kwenye bustani, haswa kwenye vilima vya mchwa na vilima. Baada ya mchwa kulisha grits, hupanua ndani ya tumbo lao na kuwaua.

 

MDALASINI

Ingawa sio njia ya bei rahisi zaidi, kunyunyiza mdalasini ya ardhi kwenye eneo la bustani yako (au eneo lolote la uso, kwa jambo hilo) kutawafukuza mchwa, lakini sio kuwaua. Unda mstari mnene ambao utalazimisha mchwa kupanda juu na kutazama mchwa mwekundu na mweusi akikataa kufanya hivyo. Mdalasini pia itapunguza idadi ya mchwa kwenye rundo la mboji yako ikiwa wanasumbua.

 

Kukua Mint Herb

Mchwa huchukia aina yoyote ya harufu kali. Harufu yenye harufu nzuri ya majani ya mint hufanya kazi kama dawa ya asili kwa mchwa. Kwa hivyo, usichelewesha kupanda mint kwenye bustani yako ili kuondoa mchwa wenye shida. Suluhisho la kudumu kwa mchwa wa bustani ni kukuza na kudumisha mimea ya mint mwaka mzima.