ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
7 0 COMPOST – 7.13 - HOW TO STORE FARMYARD MANURE
Farmyard
manure should ideally be collected and stored for a while to obtain a manure of
high quality. The best result is achieved if the farmyard manure is composted.
Manure stored under anaerobic conditions (e.g. in waterlogged pits) is of
inferior quality.
Collection
of farmyard manure is easiest if the animals are kept in stables. For storage,
the manure should be mixed with dry plant material (straw, grass, crop
residues, leaves etc.) to absorb the liquid. Straw that has been cut or mashed
by spreading it out on a roadside can absorb more water than long straw.
Usually,
the manure is stored next to the stable, either in heaps or in pits. It can
also be stored within the stable as bedding, provided it is covered with fresh
bedding material. In any case, the farmyard manure should be protected from
sun, wind and rain. Water logging, as well as drying out should be avoided, to
avoid nutrient losses. The storage site should be impermeable and have a slight
slope. Ideally, a trench collects the liquid from the manure heap and the urine
from the stable. A dam around the heap prevents uncontrolled in- and outflow of
urine and water.
Storing
manure in pits is particularly suitable for dry areas and dry seasons. Storage
in pits reduces the risk of drying out and the need to water the pile. However,
there is greater risk of waterlogging and more effort is required as the pit
needs to be dug out. For this method, a 90 cm (3 ft) to 150 cm ( 5 ft) deep pit
is dug with a slight slope at the bottom. The bottom is compressed and then
first covered with straw. Until 150 cm high. Means in the sandwich system store
up to 5 ft.
The
pit is filled with layers about 30 cm (1 ft) thick and each layer compressed
and covered with 5 cm (2.5 inch) of manure and then a layer of 5 cm ( 2,5 inch
) earth.
The
pit is filled up until it stands about 30 cm above ground and then covered with
10 cm of soil.
Humidity in the manure heap must be controlled.
To avoid nutrient losses, it should neither be too wet nor too dry. Some indicators
to monitor the humidity of the manure are.
•
If
white fungus appears (threads and white spots), the manure is too dry and
should be dampened with water or urine.
•
A
yellow-green colour and/or bad smell are signs that the manure is too wet and
not sufficiently aerated.
•
If
the manure shows a brown to black colour throughout the heap, the conditions
are ideal.
TEXT in the picture:
Appropriated treatment of farmland manure.
•
Protect
from sun and rain
•
Protect
from wind
•
Mix
with straw
•
Avoid
water logging
•
Build
a dam to avoid in- and outflow
•
Compress
if dry • Insure solid underground
•
Water
if necessary.
KOZI YA KILIMO HAI
KILIMO-UCHUMI
7 0 MBOLEA – 7.13 -
NAMNA YA KUHIFADHI MADHI YA SHAMBA
Mbolea ya shambani
inapaswa kukusanywa na kuhifadhiwa kwa muda ili kupata samadi ya ubora wa juu.
Matokeo bora hupatikana ikiwa samadi ya shamba itawekwa mboji. Mbolea
iliyohifadhiwa chini ya hali ya anaerobic (k.m. kwenye mashimo yaliyojaa maji)
ni ya ubora duni.
Ukusanyaji wa samadi
ya shambani ni rahisi zaidi ikiwa wanyama watawekwa kwenye mazizi. Kwa
kuhifadhi, mbolea inapaswa kuchanganywa na nyenzo kavu ya mimea (majani, nyasi,
mabaki ya mazao, majani nk) ili kunyonya kioevu. Majani ambayo yamekatwa au
kupondwa kwa kutandazwa kando ya barabara yanaweza kunyonya maji mengi kuliko
majani marefu.
Kwa kawaida, samadi
huhifadhiwa karibu na zizi, ama kwenye chungu au kwenye mashimo. Inaweza pia
kuhifadhiwa ndani ya zizi kama matandiko, mradi imefunikwa na nyenzo mpya ya
matandiko. Kwa hali yoyote, mbolea ya shamba inapaswa kulindwa kutokana na jua,
upepo na mvua. Kukata maji, pamoja na kukausha nje kunapaswa kuepukwa, ili
kuepuka hasara za virutubisho. Tovuti ya kuhifadhi inapaswa kuwa isiyoweza
kupenyeza na kuwa na mteremko mdogo. Kimsingi, mtaro hukusanya kioevu kutoka
kwenye lundo la samadi na mkojo kutoka kwenye zizi. Bwawa kuzunguka lundo
huzuia mtiririko usiodhibitiwa wa mkojo na maji.
Kuhifadhi samadi
kwenye mashimo kunafaa hasa kwa maeneo kavu na misimu ya kiangazi. Uhifadhi
kwenye mashimo hupunguza hatari ya kukauka na hitaji la kumwagilia rundo. Hata
hivyo, kuna hatari kubwa ya kujaa maji na juhudi zaidi zinahitajika kwani shimo
linahitaji kuchimbwa. Kwa njia hii, shimo lenye kina cha sentimita 90 (futi 3)
hadi 150 cm huchimbwa na mteremko mdogo chini. Chini ni compressed na kisha
kwanza kufunikwa na majani. Hadi urefu wa 150 cm. Njia katika mfumo wa sandwich
huhifadhi hadi futi 5.
Shimo limejaa
matabaka yenye unene wa sm 30 (futi 1) na kila safu imebanwa na kufunikwa na sm
5 (inchi 2.5) ya samadi na kisha safu ya sm 5 ( 2,5 inch ) ardhi.
Shimo linajazwa hadi
lisimame karibu sm 30 juu ya ardhi na kisha kufunikwa na sm 10 za udongo.
Unyevu kwenye lundo
la samadi lazima udhibitiwe. Ili kuzuia upotezaji wa virutubishi, haipaswi kuwa
mvua sana au kavu sana. Baadhi ya viashiria vya kufuatilia unyevunyevu wa
samadi ni.
• Iwapo fangasi
nyeupe itaonekana (nyuzi na madoa meupe), samadi ni kavu sana na inapaswa
kunyunyishwa kwa maji au mkojo.
• Rangi ya manjano-kijani
na/au harufu mbaya ni ishara kwamba samadi ni mvua sana na haina hewa ya
kutosha.
• Iwapo samadi
itaonyesha rangi ya kahawia hadi nyeusi katika lundo lote, hali ni nzuri.
TEXT kwenye picha:
Matibabu sahihi ya
samadi ya shamba.
• Kinga dhidi ya jua
na mvua
• Kinga dhidi ya
upepo
• Changanya na
majani
• Epuka ukataji wa
maji
• Jenga bwawa ili
kuepuka kuingia na kutoka nje
• Shindana ikiwa
kavu
• Hakikisha chini ya
ardhi imara
• Maji ikiwa ni
lazima.
Copyright
by
Ronald
Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de
KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680
Consultant
for business, organic farming, and general buildings.
