7 0 COMPOST – 7.13 - HOW TO STORE FARMYARD MANURE

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.13 - HOW TO STORE FARMYARD MANURE 

 

Farmyard manure should ideally be collected and stored for a while to obtain a manure of high quality. The best result is achieved if the farmyard manure is composted. Manure stored under anaerobic conditions (e.g. in waterlogged pits) is of inferior quality. 

Collection of farmyard manure is easiest if the animals are kept in stables. For storage, the manure should be mixed with dry plant material (straw, grass, crop residues, leaves etc.) to absorb the liquid. Straw that has been cut or mashed by spreading it out on a roadside can absorb more water than long straw. 

Usually, the manure is stored next to the stable, either in heaps or in pits. It can also be stored within the stable as bedding, provided it is covered with fresh bedding material. In any case, the farmyard manure should be protected from sun, wind and rain. Water logging, as well as drying out should be avoided, to avoid nutrient losses. The storage site should be impermeable and have a slight slope. Ideally, a trench collects the liquid from the manure heap and the urine from the stable. A dam around the heap prevents uncontrolled in- and outflow of urine and water. 

Storing manure in pits is particularly suitable for dry areas and dry seasons. Storage in pits reduces the risk of drying out and the need to water the pile. However, there is greater risk of waterlogging and more effort is required as the pit needs to be dug out. For this method, a 90 cm (3 ft) to 150 cm ( 5 ft) deep pit is dug with a slight slope at the bottom. The bottom is compressed and then first covered with straw. Until 150 cm high. Means in the sandwich system store up to 5 ft. 

The pit is filled with layers about 30 cm (1 ft) thick and each layer compressed and covered with 5 cm (2.5 inch) of manure and then a layer of 5 cm ( 2,5 inch )  earth. 

The pit is filled up until it stands about 30 cm above ground and then covered with 10 cm of soil. 

Humidity in the manure heap must be controlled. To avoid nutrient losses, it should neither be too wet nor too dry. Some indicators to monitor the humidity of the manure are.

 

•       If white fungus appears (threads and white spots), the manure is too dry and should be dampened with water or urine. 

•       A yellow-green colour and/or bad smell are signs that the manure is too wet and not sufficiently aerated. 

•       If the manure shows a brown to black colour throughout the heap, the conditions are ideal. 

 

 

TEXT in the picture:

Appropriated treatment of farmland manure. 

 

•      Protect from sun and rain

•      Protect from wind

•      Mix with straw

•      Avoid water logging

•      Build a dam to avoid in- and outflow

•      Compress if dry • Insure solid underground 

•      Water if necessary. 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA – 7.13 - NAMNA YA KUHIFADHI MADHI YA SHAMBA

 

Mbolea ya shambani inapaswa kukusanywa na kuhifadhiwa kwa muda ili kupata samadi ya ubora wa juu. Matokeo bora hupatikana ikiwa samadi ya shamba itawekwa mboji. Mbolea iliyohifadhiwa chini ya hali ya anaerobic (k.m. kwenye mashimo yaliyojaa maji) ni ya ubora duni.

Ukusanyaji wa samadi ya shambani ni rahisi zaidi ikiwa wanyama watawekwa kwenye mazizi. Kwa kuhifadhi, mbolea inapaswa kuchanganywa na nyenzo kavu ya mimea (majani, nyasi, mabaki ya mazao, majani nk) ili kunyonya kioevu. Majani ambayo yamekatwa au kupondwa kwa kutandazwa kando ya barabara yanaweza kunyonya maji mengi kuliko majani marefu.

Kwa kawaida, samadi huhifadhiwa karibu na zizi, ama kwenye chungu au kwenye mashimo. Inaweza pia kuhifadhiwa ndani ya zizi kama matandiko, mradi imefunikwa na nyenzo mpya ya matandiko. Kwa hali yoyote, mbolea ya shamba inapaswa kulindwa kutokana na jua, upepo na mvua. Kukata maji, pamoja na kukausha nje kunapaswa kuepukwa, ili kuepuka hasara za virutubisho. Tovuti ya kuhifadhi inapaswa kuwa isiyoweza kupenyeza na kuwa na mteremko mdogo. Kimsingi, mtaro hukusanya kioevu kutoka kwenye lundo la samadi na mkojo kutoka kwenye zizi. Bwawa kuzunguka lundo huzuia mtiririko usiodhibitiwa wa mkojo na maji.

Kuhifadhi samadi kwenye mashimo kunafaa hasa kwa maeneo kavu na misimu ya kiangazi. Uhifadhi kwenye mashimo hupunguza hatari ya kukauka na hitaji la kumwagilia rundo. Hata hivyo, kuna hatari kubwa ya kujaa maji na juhudi zaidi zinahitajika kwani shimo linahitaji kuchimbwa. Kwa njia hii, shimo lenye kina cha sentimita 90 (futi 3) hadi 150 cm huchimbwa na mteremko mdogo chini. Chini ni compressed na kisha kwanza kufunikwa na majani. Hadi urefu wa 150 cm. Njia katika mfumo wa sandwich huhifadhi hadi futi 5.

Shimo limejaa matabaka yenye unene wa sm 30 (futi 1) na kila safu imebanwa na kufunikwa na sm 5 (inchi 2.5) ya samadi na kisha safu ya sm 5 ( 2,5 inch ) ardhi.

Shimo linajazwa hadi lisimame karibu sm 30 juu ya ardhi na kisha kufunikwa na sm 10 za udongo.

Unyevu kwenye lundo la samadi lazima udhibitiwe. Ili kuzuia upotezaji wa virutubishi, haipaswi kuwa mvua sana au kavu sana. Baadhi ya viashiria vya kufuatilia unyevunyevu wa samadi ni.

 

• Iwapo fangasi nyeupe itaonekana (nyuzi na madoa meupe), samadi ni kavu sana na inapaswa kunyunyishwa kwa maji au mkojo.

• Rangi ya manjano-kijani na/au harufu mbaya ni ishara kwamba samadi ni mvua sana na haina hewa ya kutosha.

• Iwapo samadi itaonyesha rangi ya kahawia hadi nyeusi katika lundo lote, hali ni nzuri.

 

TEXT kwenye picha:

Matibabu sahihi ya samadi ya shamba.

 

• Kinga dhidi ya jua na mvua

• Kinga dhidi ya upepo

• Changanya na majani

• Epuka ukataji wa maji

• Jenga bwawa ili kuepuka kuingia na kutoka nje

• Shindana ikiwa kavu

• Hakikisha chini ya ardhi imara

• Maji ikiwa ni lazima.

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