9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.8 - ANIMAL HEALTH

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.8 - ANIMAL HEALTH

Disease causing germs and parasites are present almost everywhere. Like humans, animals have an immune system which is usually able to cope with these germs. And as with humans, the efficiency of the immune system will be disturbed if animals are not properly fed, cannot practise their natural behaviour, or are under social stress.

Health is a balance between disease pressure (the presence of germs and parasites) and the resistance (immune system and self-healing forces) of the animal. The farmer can influence both sides of this balance: reduce the quantity of germs by maintaining good hygiene, and strengthen the animal‘s ability to cope with germs (Figure 12-8).

 

Organic animal husbandry puts its focus on improving the living conditions of animals and on strengthening their immune systems. Of course: if an animal gets sick it must be treated. But the farmer should also think about why the immune system of the animal was not able to fight the disease or the parasite attack. And the farmer should think of ways to improve the animals living conditions and hygiene to strengthen it.

 

 

Bacteria, viruses and parasites attacking the farm animal which fights back with its immune system. The farmer can influence both sides of this balance.

 

TIPS on the picture:

·         Bacteria

·         Viruses

·         Parasites

·         Veterinary care

·         Amounts and quality of fodder

·         Exercise, move

·         Social contacts

·         Hygiene

·         Shed system

·         Amounts and quality of water

·         Man – animal interaction

·         Breed variety

 

FIGURE 9.8 - BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND PARASITES ATTACKING THE FARM ANIMAL WHICH FIGHTS BACK WITH ITS IMMUNE SYSTEM.  THE FARMER CAN INFLUENCE BOTH SIDES OF THIS BALANCE

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI - 9.8 - AFYA YA WANYAMA

Vijidudu vinavyosababisha magonjwa na vimelea vipo karibu kila mahali. Kama wanadamu, wanyama wana mfumo wa kinga ambao kawaida huweza kukabiliana na vijidudu hivi. Na kama ilivyo kwa wanadamu, ufanisi wa mfumo wa kinga utasumbuliwa ikiwa wanyama hawatalishwa vizuri, hawawezi kufanya tabia zao za asili, au wako chini ya mkazo wa kijamii.

Afya ni uwiano kati ya shinikizo la ugonjwa (uwepo wa vijidudu na vimelea) na upinzani (mfumo wa kinga na nguvu za kujiponya) za mnyama. Mkulima anaweza kuathiri pande zote za uwiano huu: kupunguza wingi wa vijidudu kwa kudumisha usafi, na kuimarisha uwezo wa mnyama wa kukabiliana na vijidudu (Mchoro 12-8).

 

Ufugaji wa wanyama hai huweka mkazo wake katika kuboresha hali ya maisha ya wanyama na kuimarisha mifumo yao ya kinga. Bila shaka: ikiwa mnyama anaugua ni lazima kutibiwa. Lakini mkulima anapaswa pia kufikiria kwa nini mfumo wa kinga wa mnyama haukuweza kupambana na ugonjwa huo au mashambulizi ya vimelea. Na mkulima anapaswa kufikiria njia za kuboresha hali ya maisha ya wanyama na usafi ili kuimarisha.

 

Bakteria, virusi na vimelea vinavyoshambulia mnyama wa shamba ambaye hupigana na mfumo wake wa kinga. Mkulima anaweza kuathiri pande zote mbili za usawa huu.

 

TIPS kwenye picha:

• Bakteria

• Virusi

• Vimelea

• Huduma ya mifugo

• Kiasi na ubora wa malisho

• Fanya mazoezi, songa

• Anwani za kijamii

• Usafi

• Mfumo wa banda

• Kiasi na ubora wa maji

• Mwanadamu - mwingiliano wa wanyama

• Kuzaa aina mbalimbali

 

KIELELEZO 9.8 - BAKTERIA, VIRUSI NA VIUMBE VINAVYOMSHAMBULIA MNYAMA SHAMBANI ANAYEPIGANA NA MFUMO WAKE WA KINGA YAKE. MKULIMA ANAWEZA KUSHAWISHI PANDE MBILI ZA MIZANI HII

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.9 - PREVENTION BEFORE CURING

 

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.9 - PREVENTION BEFORE CURING

 

Similar as in crop health, organic animal husbandry puts the main emphasis on preventive measures to keep animals healthy, rather than on curative methods. This starts from keeping robust breeds rather than high performing but very susceptible ones. Next, the conditions in which the animals are kept should be optimal ones: sufficient space, light and air, dry and clean bedding, frequent exercise (e.g. grazing) and proper hygiene. 

The quality and quantity of fodder is of crucial importance for the health of the animal.  Instead of feeding commercial concentrates which make animals grow faster and produce more, a natural diet appropriate to the requirements of the animal should be achieved. Where all these preventive measures are taken, animals will rarely fall sick. Veterinary treatment thus should play only a secondary role in organic farming. If treatment is necessary, alternative medicine based on herbal and traditional remedies should be used. Only if these treatments fail or are not sufficient, synthetic medicines (e.g. antibiotics, parasiticides, anaesthetics) may be used; in these cases, the treated animals must be separated from non-treated organic stock and excluded for a period of time (e.g. at least 3 weeks) from organic certification..

The main principal for veterinary treatment in organic animal husbandry is: get to know the causes of (or factors that favour) diseases in order to enhance the natural defence mechanisms of the animal (and to prevent its manifestations in the future).

 

Unlike in crop production, synthetic means are allowed to cure sick animals if alternative treatment is not sufficient. Here, reducing the suffering of the animal is given priority over the renunciation of chemicals. However, the standards of organic agriculture clearly demand that priority is given to management practices which encourage the resistance of the animals thus preventing the outbreak of a disease. Therefore, an outbreak of a disease shall be considered as an indicator that the conditions under which the animal is kept are not ideal. The farmer should try to identify the cause (or causes) of the disease and prevent future outbreaks by changing management practices.

If conventional veterinary medication is applied, withholding periods must be adhered to before the animal products can be sold as “organic”. This shall ensure that organic animal products are free from residues of antibiotics etc. Synthetic growth promoters are not allowed in any case.

 

TIPS on the picture:

STEP 1:

Keeping robust breeds and varieties adapted to the local climate and available fodder

STEP2:

Hygiene, proper diet, enough and clean water, appropriate shed systems, enough move etc.

STEP 3:

Alternative treatments: plant medicine, homeopathics, traditional medicine.

STEP 4:

If nothing else helps: chemical remedies (e.g. antibiotics) can be used

 

FIGURE 9.9 - PREVENTION BEFORE CURING - 

ONLY WHEN ALL PREVENTIVE MEASURES FAIL ANIMALS SHOULD BE TREATED,

PREFERABLY WITH ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI - 9.9 - KINGA KABLA YA KUTIBU

 

Sawa na afya ya mazao, ufugaji wa wanyama huweka msisitizo mkuu katika hatua za kuzuia ili kuwaweka wanyama wenye afya, badala ya mbinu za tiba. Hii huanza kutokana na kutunza mifugo imara badala ya inayofanya vizuri lakini inayoathiriwa sana. Kisha, hali ambazo wanyama hufugwa zinapaswa kuwa bora zaidi: nafasi ya kutosha, mwanga na hewa, matandiko kavu na safi, mazoezi ya mara kwa mara (k.m. malisho) na usafi sahihi.

Ubora na wingi wa malisho ni muhimu sana kwa afya ya mnyama. Badala ya kulisha vyakula vya kibiashara vinavyofanya wanyama wakue haraka na kuzalisha zaidi, mlo wa asili unaolingana na mahitaji ya mnyama unapaswa kupatikana. Ambapo hatua hizi zote za kuzuia zinachukuliwa, wanyama hawataugua mara chache. Kwa hivyo, matibabu ya mifugo inapaswa kuchukua jukumu la pili katika kilimo hai. Ikiwa matibabu ni muhimu, dawa mbadala kulingana na dawa za mitishamba na za jadi zinapaswa kutumika. Ikiwa tu matibabu haya hayatafaulu au hayatoshi, dawa za syntetisk (k.m. viuavijasumu, viuadudu, dawa za ganzi) zinaweza kutumika; katika hali hizi, wanyama waliotibiwa lazima watenganishwe na hifadhi ya kikaboni isiyotibiwa na kutengwa kwa muda (k.m. angalau wiki 3) kutoka kwa uthibitisho wa kikaboni.

Jambo kuu la matibabu ya mifugo katika ufugaji wa wanyama hai ni: kujua sababu za (au sababu zinazopendelea) magonjwa ili kuimarisha mifumo ya asili ya ulinzi wa mnyama (na kuzuia udhihirisho wake katika siku zijazo).

 

Tofauti na uzalishaji wa mazao, njia za sintetiki zinaruhusiwa kuponya wanyama wagonjwa ikiwa tiba mbadala haitoshi. Hapa, kupunguza mateso ya mnyama hupewa kipaumbele juu ya kukataa kemikali. Hata hivyo, viwango vya kilimo-hai vinadai kwa uwazi kuwa kipaumbele kitolewe kwa mazoea ya usimamizi ambayo yanahimiza upinzani wa wanyama hivyo kuzuia mlipuko wa ugonjwa. Kwa hivyo, mlipuko wa ugonjwa utazingatiwa kama kiashiria kwamba hali ambayo mnyama huhifadhiwa sio bora. Mkulima ajaribu kubaini sababu (au sababu) za ugonjwa na kuzuia milipuko ya siku zijazo kwa kubadilisha mbinu za usimamizi.

Iwapo dawa ya kawaida ya mifugo itatumika, muda wa zuio lazima ufuatwe kabla ya bidhaa za wanyama kuuzwa kama "hai". Hii itahakikisha kwamba bidhaa za wanyama za kikaboni hazina mabaki ya viuavijasumu nk. Vikuzaji vya ukuaji wa syntetisk haviruhusiwi kwa vyovyote vile.

 

TIPS kwenye picha:

HATUA YA 1:

Kutunza mifugo imara na aina zinazoendana na hali ya hewa ya ndani na lishe inayopatikana

HATUA YA 2:

Usafi, lishe bora, maji ya kutosha na safi, mifumo inayofaa ya kumwaga, kusonga kwa kutosha nk.

HATUA YA 3:

Matibabu mbadala: dawa za mimea, homeopathics, dawa za jadi.

HATUA YA 4:

Ikiwa hakuna kitu kingine kinachosaidia: tiba za kemikali (k.m. antibiotics) zinaweza kutumika

KIELELEZO 9.9 - KINGA KABLA YA KUTIBU -

PEKEE WAKATI HATUA ZOTE ZA KUZUIA ZINAPASWA KUTIBIWA, WANYAMA

VEMA NA DAWA MBADALA

 

9 1 ANIMALS – 9.10 - CONTROLLING PARASITES WITH HERBAL REMEDIES

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 1 ANIMALS – 9.10 -  CONTROLLING PARASITES WITH HERBAL REMEDIES 

 

Sweet flag Acorus calamus) can be used to treat fowls against lice, but also to reduce house fly populations. Also flea, lice .

FIGURE 9.10 - USING SWEET FLAG AGAINST PARASITES

Herbal medicines are widely used in many countries. Some traditional farming communities have a vast knowledge of local plants and their healing properties. Plants can definitely support the healing process, even if they do not eliminate the germ of the disease directly. Still, farmers should not forget to identify the cause of the disease and also to re-think their management practises. For parasite problems, changing the living conditions or the management of pastures will be more effective in the long run than any treatment.

Example: Using Sweet Flag against parasites

One example to use an herbal remedy against parasites is sweet flag (Acorus calamus). This plant grows both in tropical as well as subtropical regions and is found on the banks of rivers and lakes and in swampy ditches or marshes. The powdered dried rhizomes (thick root parts) act as an effective insecticide against fowl lice, fleas and house flies.

 

Treating fowls infested by lice: Use around 15 g of powdered rhizome for an adult bird. For dusting the bird with the powder, hold it by its feet upside down so that the feathers open and the dust will work its way to the skin. The treatment is reported as being safe to the birds. The sweet flag powder is also reported to be effective against house flies when dusted on fresh cow dung infested by fly maggots. It further shall protect new-born calves of vermin infection if washed with a water infusion.

Attention! Herbal remedies against parasites can also have a toxic effect on the farm animals! Therefore it is important to know the appropriate dose and application method!

Sweet flag Acorus calamus) can be used to treat fowls against lice, but also to reduce house fly populations. Also flea, lice .

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 WANYAMA 1 – 9.10 - KUDHIBITI VIUMBE KWA DAWA ZA MIMEA

Dawa za mitishamba hutumiwa sana katika nchi nyingi. Baadhi ya jumuiya za wakulima wa jadi wana ujuzi mkubwa wa mimea ya ndani na sifa zake za uponyaji. Mimea inaweza kuunga mkono mchakato wa uponyaji, hata ikiwa haiondoi vijidudu vya ugonjwa moja kwa moja. Hata hivyo, wakulima hawapaswi kusahau kutambua sababu ya ugonjwa huo na pia kufikiria upya mbinu zao za usimamizi. Kwa matatizo ya vimelea, kubadilisha hali ya maisha au usimamizi wa malisho itakuwa na ufanisi zaidi kwa muda mrefu kuliko matibabu yoyote.

Mfano: Kutumia Bendera Tamu dhidi ya vimelea

Mfano mmoja wa kutumia dawa ya mitishamba dhidi ya vimelea ni bendera tamu (Acorus calamus). Mmea huu hukua katika maeneo ya kitropiki na ya kitropiki na hupatikana kwenye ukingo wa mito na maziwa na kwenye mitaro yenye kinamasi au mabwawa. Mizizi iliyokaushwa ya unga (sehemu mnene za mizizi) hufanya kama dawa bora ya kuua wadudu dhidi ya chawa wa ndege, viroboto na nzi wa nyumbani.

 

Kutibu ndege walioshambuliwa na chawa: Tumia karibu 15 g ya rhizome ya unga kwa ndege aliyekomaa. Kwa kunyunyiza ndege na unga, ushikilie kwa miguu yake chini ili manyoya yafunguke na vumbi lifanye kazi kwenye ngozi. Matibabu hayo yanaripotiwa kuwa salama kwa ndege hao. Poda hiyo tamu ya bendera pia inaripotiwa kuwa na ufanisi dhidi ya nzi wa nyumbani wanapopakwa vumbi kwenye kinyesi kipya cha ng'ombe kilichovamiwa na funza. Zaidi ya hayo, italinda ndama wachanga wa maambukizi ya wadudu ikiwa itaoshwa kwa kuingizwa kwa maji.

Makini! Dawa za mitishamba dhidi ya vimelea pia zinaweza kuwa na athari ya sumu kwa wanyama wa shambani! Kwa hiyo ni muhimu kujua kipimo sahihi na njia ya maombi!

 

 

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.11 - PRINCIPLES AND METHODES FOR BREEDING

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY – 9.11 - PRINCIPLES AND METHODES FOR BREEDING

 

As preventive measures for maintaining good animal health are of high relevance in organic farming, the selection of breeds suitable to local conditions and to organic feeding is of crucial importance. This requires that suitable breeds are available. Traditional breeds of farm animals may be a good starting point for organic animal breeding. Animals can be improved by selection of individuals especially suitable for organic conditions. They can be crossbred with suitable new breeds, thus achieving an animal with the positive aspects of traditional breeds and the satisfying production of the new breeds.

For breeding, organic farming uses natural reproduction techniques. While artificial insemination is allowed, embryo transfer, genetic manipulation, and hormonal synchronisation are not permitted according to IFOAM standards.

 KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI – 12.11 - KANUNI NA MBINU ZA UFUGAJI

Kwa vile hatua za kinga za kudumisha afya bora ya wanyama zina umuhimu mkubwa katika kilimo-hai, uteuzi wa mifugo inayofaa kwa hali ya ndani na ulishaji wa asili ni muhimu sana. Hii inahitaji kwamba mifugo inayofaa inapatikana. Mifugo ya asili ya wanyama wa shamba inaweza kuwa mahali pazuri pa kuanzia kwa ufugaji wa wanyama hai. Wanyama wanaweza kuboreshwa kwa kuchagua watu wanaofaa hasa kwa hali ya kikaboni. Wanaweza kuunganishwa na mifugo mpya inayofaa, na hivyo kufikia mnyama mwenye sifa nzuri za mifugo ya kitamaduni na uzalishaji wa kuridhisha wa mifugo mpya.

Kwa ufugaji, kilimo hai hutumia mbinu za asili za uzazi. Ingawa uenezaji wa mbegu bandia unaruhusiwa, uhamishaji wa kiinitete, upotoshaji wa kijeni, na ulandanishi wa homoni hauruhusiwi kulingana na viwango vya IFOAM.

 

9 0 HUSBANDARY - 9.12 - BREEDING GOALS

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY - 9.12 - BREEDING GOALS

 

Over the last decades, traditional breeds have been replaced by high performing ones in many regions. Like high yielding plant varieties, these new breeds usually depend on a rich diet (concentrates) and optimal living conditions. As high performing breeds in general are more susceptible to diseases than traditional varieties, they need frequent veterinary interventions. Thus, these new breeds might not be the right choice for small farmers, as the costs of food concentrates and veterinary treatment are too high compared with what can be earned by selling the products. 

In addition, for organic farmers the main animal product (e.g. milk) is not the only reason to keep animals. Breeding activities therefore should try to optimise the overall performance of the animal, taking into consideration the different goals of an organic farmer. For example a poultry breed suitable for organic smallholder farms might not be the one with the highest egg production, but one in which meat production is good, and kitchen wastes and whatever is found on the farm yard can be used as feed. Suitable cattle breeds would produce enough milk and meat while feeding mainly on roughage and farm by-products (e.g. straw), be of high fertility and good resistance against diseases, if required, they can also be used for draught and transport.

TEXT IN THE PICTURE:

The “ ideal” organic poultry breed.

·         Feeding on kitchen wastes and farm by-products

·         Satisfying egg production

·         Useful as meat

·         Good health, good resistance against diseases

The “ideal” organic cattle breed:

·         Utilising roughage and farm by-products

·         Satisfying milk production

·         High fertility

·         Good resistance against diseases

·         Long life with continuous production

Organic animal breeding should optimize the overall use of farm animals, with consideration given to the local conditions and available fodder. Breeding goals for poultry and cattle breading.

 KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

9 0 UFUGAJI- 9.12 - MALENGO YA UFUGAJI

 

Katika miongo iliyopita, mifugo ya kitamaduni imebadilishwa na inayofanya vizuri katika mikoa mingi. Kama aina za mimea inayozaa sana, mifugo hii mpya kwa kawaida hutegemea lishe bora (inayozingatia) na hali bora ya maisha. Kwa vile mifugo inayofanya vizuri kwa ujumla huathirika zaidi na magonjwa kuliko aina za kitamaduni, wanahitaji uingiliaji wa mara kwa mara wa mifugo. Kwa hivyo, mifugo hii mpya inaweza kuwa chaguo sahihi kwa wakulima wadogo, kwani gharama za chakula na matibabu ya mifugo ni kubwa sana ikilinganishwa na kile kinachoweza kupatikana kwa kuuza bidhaa.

Kwa kuongeza, kwa wakulima wa kikaboni bidhaa kuu ya wanyama (k.m. maziwa) sio sababu pekee ya kuweka wanyama. Kwa hivyo, shughuli za ufugaji zinapaswa kujaribu kuboresha utendaji wa jumla wa mnyama, kwa kuzingatia malengo tofauti ya mkulima wa kilimo hai. Kwa mfano aina ya kuku inayofaa kwa ufugaji mdogo wa kikaboni inaweza isiwe ndiyo yenye uzalishaji mkubwa wa mayai, lakini ambayo uzalishaji wa nyama ni mzuri, na taka za jikoni na chochote kinachopatikana shambani kinaweza kutumika kama chakula. Mifugo ya ng'ombe inayofaa inaweza kutoa maziwa na nyama ya kutosha huku wakilishwa hasa na mazao ya shambani na shambani (k.m. majani), yenye rutuba ya juu na upinzani mzuri dhidi ya magonjwa, ikihitajika, yanaweza pia kutumika kwa usafirishaji na usafirishaji.

Ufugaji wa kuku wa kikaboni "bora".

• Kulisha taka za jikoni na mazao ya shambani

• Kutosheleza uzalishaji wa mayai

• Inafaa kama nyama

• Afya njema, upinzani mzuri dhidi ya magonjwa

Aina "bora" ya ng'ombe wa kikaboni:

• Kutumia roughage na mazao ya shambani

• Kutosheleza uzalishaji wa maziwa

• Uzazi wa juu

• Kinga nzuri dhidi ya magonjwa

• Maisha marefu na uzalishaji endelevu

Ufugaji wa wanyama wa kikaboni unapaswa kuongeza matumizi ya jumla ya wanyama wa shambani, kwa kuzingatia hali ya ndani na lishe inayopatikana. Malengo ya ufugaji wa kuku na ufugaji wa ng'ombe.

9 0 HUSBANDARY- 9.13 - MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE OR LIFE PRODUCTION

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

9 0 HUSBANDARY- 9.13 - MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE OR LIFE PRODUCTION

When comparing the production of different breeds of cows, usually, only the production per day or year is taken into consideration. However, high performing breeds usually have a shorter life span than traditional ones with lower production. The life milk production of a cow giving, for example, 8 litres per day, but over 10 years, therefore would be greater than the one of a high-breed cow yielding 16 litres per day, but dies after 4 years.

As the investments to get a milk producing cow are quite high, i.e. the rearing and feeding of a calf or the purchase of an adult cow, continuous production over a long-life span should be of high interest to the farmer. This should be reflected in the breeding goals, which so far mainly focus on the maximum short-term production.

 

FIGURE 9-13 - EXAMPLE - TABLE FOR COMPARING THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF TWO DIFFERENT BREEDS

 

TIPS on the picture:

·         Investments: cost of a calf, cost of a cow.

·         Maintenance: Fodder purchase per year, veterinary costs per year.

·         Milk production: Litres per day, litres per year.

·         Productive: years in life, litres in life.

·         Other uses: Meat, draught, dung.

·          

 

UCHUMI WA KILIMO HAI CHA KILIMO

9 0 MFUGAJI- 9.13 - UTENDAJI WA JUU AU UZALISHAJI WA MAISHA

Wakati wa kulinganisha uzalishaji wa mifugo tofauti ya ng'ombe, kwa kawaida, uzalishaji tu kwa siku au mwaka huzingatiwa. Hata hivyo, mifugo inayofanya vizuri kwa kawaida huwa na muda mfupi wa kuishi kuliko wa jadi wenye uzalishaji mdogo. Uzalishaji wa maziwa ya maisha ya ng'ombe anayetoa, kwa mfano, lita 8 kwa siku, lakini zaidi ya miaka 10, kwa hivyo itakuwa kubwa kuliko ile ya ng'ombe wa kuzaliana sana anayetoa lita 16 kwa siku, lakini hii baada ya miaka 4.

Kwa vile uwekezaji wa kupata ng'ombe anayezalisha maziwa ni mkubwa sana, i.e. ufugaji na ulishaji wa ndama au ununuzi wa ng'ombe mzima, uzalishaji unaoendelea kwa muda mrefu wa maisha unapaswa kuwa wa manufaa makubwa kwa mkulima. Hii inapaswa kuonyeshwa katika malengo ya ufugaji, ambayo hadi sasa yanazingatia zaidi uzalishaji wa muda mfupi.

KIELELEZO 9.13 - MFANO - JEDWALI LA KULINGANISHA UTENDAJI WA KIUCHUMI WA MIFUGO MBILI TOFAUTI.

TIPS kwenye picha:

• Uwekezaji: gharama ya ndama, gharama ya ng'ombe.

• Matengenezo: Ununuzi wa lishe kwa mwaka, gharama za mifugo kwa mwaka.

• Uzalishaji wa maziwa: lita kwa siku, lita kwa mwaka.

• Uzalishaji: miaka katika maisha, lita katika maisha.

• Matumizi mengine: Nyama, rasimu, samadi.

·          

 

i.