ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
7 1 FERTILIZER
– 7.24 -
Donnerstag, 1. Dezember 2022
7 1 FERTILIZER – 7.25 - NEOLIFE SUPER GRO
ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
7 1 FERTILIZER
– 7.25 - NEOLIFE SUPER GRO
NEOLIFE Super Gro is an economical formula that increases your harvest by up to 167% more than crop treatment alone.
HOW DOES SUPER GRO WORK?
Super Gro acts as both an adjuvant
(aid) and a surfactant (wetting agent)
As an aid, it helps other
agricultural resources to reach their maximum. For example, it acts as a
sticker and spreader when sprayed with pesticides.
As a wetting agent, the Super Gro
formula reduces the natural surface tension of water, resulting in :
-even and faster penetration of
water through the soil.
-deep penetration of agricultural
adjuvant solutions such as fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides.
-Water saving by reducing runoff
and evaporation
-Increasing soil aeration.
HOW TO USE SUPER GRO.
Ratio 1:1000.
Add 1ml of Super Gro and dilute
with 1 litre of water and spray onto the leaves, stem and base of the plant.
Add 20ml Super Gro in 20 litres
of water and spray 1/4 hectare of land.
Add 250ml of Super Gro in 250 litres of water
and spray 1 hectare.
If you use chemicals to weed your
farm, allow the chemical to wear off first (4 days) before applying Super Gro.
Suitable for use in indoor and
outdoor vegetation.
For orders and more information call /sms /whatsapp +254722258027 Lydia Mwesa
Authorized Distributor.
KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI
7 1 MBOLEA – 7.25 - NEOLIFE SUPER GRO
NEOLIFE Super Gro ni fomula ya kiuchumi ambayo
huongeza mavuno yako kwa hadi 167% zaidi ya matibabu ya mazao pekee.
SUPER GRO INAFANYAJE KAZI?
Super Gro hufanya kazi kama kiambatanisho
(msaada) na kiboreshaji (wakala wa kulowesha)
Kama msaada, inasaidia rasilimali nyingine za
kilimo kufikia upeo wao. Kwa mfano, hufanya kazi kama kibandiko na kieneza
wakati unanyunyiziwa na dawa.
Kama wakala wa kulowesha, fomula ya Super Gro
inapunguza mvutano wa asili wa uso wa maji, na kusababisha:
-kupenya hata kwa haraka kwa maji kupitia
udongo.
-kupenya kwa kina kwa suluhu za kilimo kama vile
mbolea, viua magugu na viua wadudu.
-Kuokoa maji kwa kupunguza mtiririko na uvukizi
- Kuongeza hewa ya udongo.
JINSI YA KUTUMIA SUPER GRO.
Uwiano 1:1000. Ongeza 1ml ya Super Gro na punguza
kwa lita 1 ya maji na unyunyize kwenye majani, shina na msingi wa mmea. (Ongeza 20ml Super Gro
katika lita 20 za maji na nyunyuzia hekta 1/4 ya ardhi. Ongeza 250ml ya Super
Gro katika lita 250 za maji na nyunyiza hekta 1)
Ikiwa unatumia kemikali kupalilia
shamba lako, ruhusu kemikali hiyo kuisha kwanza (siku 4) kabla ya kupaka Super
Gro.
Inafaa kwa matumizi katika
mimea ya ndani na nje.
Kwa oda na maelezo zaidi piga /sms /whatsapp +254722258027 LYDIA MWESA Msambazaji Aliyeidhinishwa. Thanks.Lydia Mwesa ·
Freitag, 18. November 2022
8 0 PESTS - 8.0 - AVOIDE MANY PEST AND DISEASE PROBLEMS
ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
8 0 PESTS - 8.0 - AVOIDE MANY PEST
AND DISEASE PROBLEMS
The condition of a plant depends in large part on the fertility of the soil. When the diet and pH are well balanced, the plant will grow stronger and therefore less prone to infection. Climatic conditions such as suitable temperatures and sufficient water supply are further factors that are decisive for a healthy plant. If either of these conditions is unsuitable, the plant can become stressed. Stress weakens plants' defence mechanisms, making them easy targets for pests and diseases.
One of the most
important points for an organic farmer is therefore the cultivation of diverse
and healthy plants.
TIPS in the photo:
• Maintaining
healthy soil; Use suitable varieties; • Obtaining a healthy harvest
• Monitor
the harvest regularly; • Use natural Pesticides; • Promotion of natural farm
animals
KOZI YA
KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI
8 0 WADUDU
- 8.0 - EPUKA MATATIZO MENGI YA WADUDU NA MAGONJWA
Hali ya
mmea inategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa juu ya rutuba ya udongo. Wakati lishe na pH
ziko sawa, mmea utakua na nguvu na kwa hivyo hauwezekani kuambukizwa. Hali ya
hewa kama vile joto linalofaa na usambazaji wa maji ya kutosha ni mambo mengine
ambayo ni muhimu kwa mmea wenye afya. Ikiwa mojawapo ya masharti haya haifai,
mmea unaweza kusisitizwa. Mkazo hudhoofisha mifumo ya ulinzi ya mimea, na
kuifanya kuwa shabaha rahisi kwa wadudu na magonjwa.
Mojawapo ya
mambo muhimu kwa mkulima wa kilimo hai kwa hiyo ni kilimo cha mimea mbalimbali
na yenye afya.
TIPS kwenye
picha:
• Kudumisha
udongo wenye afya; Tumia aina zinazofaa; • Kupata mavuno yenye afya
• Fuatilia
mavuno mara kwa mara; • Tumia Viuatilifu vya asili; • Kukuza wanyama wa asili
wa shambani
8 0 PESTS – 8.1 - AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
8 0 PESTS – 8.1 - AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
A healthy plant is less
vulnerable to pest and disease infestation. Therefore, a major aim for the
organic farmer is to create conditions which keep a plant healthy.
The interaction
between living organisms and their environment is crucial for a plant‘s health.
Plant’s health is more at risk in monocultures and on-farm diversification
provide a balanced interaction between different plants and pests and
predators. This is why a well-managed ecosystem can be a successful way of
reducing the level of pest or disease population. Certain crop varieties have
more effective mechanisms than others due to the adaptive nature to the
environment and therefore have a lower infection risk.
TIPS in the picture:
NEITHER TOO FEW
Not enough light, Low temprature, Shortage of water, Nutrient
deficiency
NOR TOO MUCH
Too much sunlight, Strong heat, Water logging, Excess
nutrients
FIGURE 8-1 - FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANT HEALTH
KOZI YA KILIMO HAI
KILIMO-UCHUMI
8 0 WADUDU – 8.1 - NA USIMAMIZI
WA MAGONJWA KATIKA KILIMO HAI
Mimea yenye afya haiwezi kushambuliwa na wadudu na magonjwa. Kwa hivyo, lengo kuu la mkulima wa kilimo-hai ni kuunda hali ambayo itaweka mmea kuwa na afya.
Mwingiliano kati ya viumbe hai na mazingira yao ni muhimu kwa afya ya mmea. Afya ya mmea iko hatarini zaidi katika kilimo kimoja na mseto kwenye shamba hutoa mwingiliano sawia kati ya mimea tofauti na wadudu na wadudu. Hii ndiyo sababu mfumo ikolojia unaosimamiwa vizuri unaweza kuwa njia yenye mafanikio ya kupunguza kiwango cha wadudu au magonjwa. Aina fulani za mazao zina njia bora zaidi kuliko zingine kwa sababu ya hali ya kuzoea mazingira na kwa hivyo zina hatari ndogo ya kuambukizwa.
TIPS kwenye picha:
WALA WACHACHE SANA
Kutokuwa na mwanga wa kutosha,
Halijoto ya chini, Uhaba wa maji, Upungufu wa virutubishi
WALA SANA
Mwanga wa jua mwingi, Joto
kali, Kukata maji, Virutubisho kupita kiasi
KIELELEZO 8-1 - MAMBO YANAYOATHIRI AFYA YA MIMEA
8 0 PESTS – 8.2 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 1 - 5
ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
8 0 PESTS – 8.2 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND
MONITORING 1 - 5
1) Selection
of adapted and resistant varieties:
→ Choose
varieties which are well adapted to the local environmental conditions
(temperature, nutrient supply, pests and disease pressure), as it allows them
to grow healthy and makes them stronger against infections of pests and
diseases.
2) Selection
of clean seed and planting material:
→ Use safe seeds
which have been inspected for pathogens and weeds at all stages of
production.
→ Use planting
material from safe sources.
3) Use
of suitable cropping systems (see 6. Crop
Planning and Management):
→ Mixed cropping systems: can limit
pest and disease pressure as the pest has less host plants to feed on and more
beneficial insect life in a diverse system.
→ Crop rotation:
reduces the chances of soil borne diseases and increases soil fertility.
→ Green manuring and cover crops:
increases the biological activity in the soil and can enhance the presence of
beneficial organisms (but also of pests; therefore a careful selection of the
proper species is needed).
4) Use
of balanced nutrient management:
→ Moderate
fertilization: steady growth makes a plant less vulnerable to infection. Too
much
fertilization may result in salt damage to roots, opening the way for
secondary infections. → Balanced
potassium supply contributes to the prevention of fungi and bacterial
infections
5)
Input of organic matter:
→ Increases micro-organism density
and activity in the soil, thus decreasing population densities of pathogenic
and soil borne fungi.
→ Stabilises
soil structure and thus improves aeration and infiltration of water.
→ Supplies
substances which strengthen the plant‘s own protection mechanisms.
KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI
8 0 WADUDU – 8.2 - TABIA ZA KINGA NA UFUATILIAJI 1 –
5
Ujuzi kuhusu afya ya mimea na ikolojia ya wadudu na
magonjwa humsaidia mkulima kuchagua hatua madhubuti za kuzuia mazao. Kwa kuwa
mambo mengi huathiri ukuaji wa wadudu na magonjwa, ni muhimu kuingilia kati
katika sehemu nyeti zaidi. Hili linaweza kutimizwa kupitia muda sahihi wa
mazoea ya usimamizi, mchanganyiko unaofaa wa mbinu tofauti, au uchaguzi wa
mbinu iliyochaguliwa. Baadhi ya hatua muhimu za kuzuia mazao ni zifuatazo:
1) Uchaguzi wa aina zilizobadilishwa na sugu:
→ Chagua aina ambazo zimezoea vyema hali ya
mazingira ya ndani (joto, ugavi wa virutubishi, wadudu na shinikizo la
magonjwa), kwa kuwa inaziruhusu kukua zenye afya na kuzifanya kuwa na nguvu
dhidi ya maambukizo ya wadudu na magonjwa.
2) Uchaguzi wa mbegu safi na nyenzo za kupanda:
→ Tumia mbegu salama ambazo zimekaguliwa kwa
viini vya magonjwa na magugu katika hatua zote za
uzalishaji.
→ Tumia nyenzo za kupandia kutoka kwenye
vyanzo salama.
3) Matumizi ya mifumo inayofaa ya upandaji mazao
(tazama 6. Upangaji na Usimamizi wa Mazao):
→ Mifumo mchanganyiko ya upandaji miti:
inaweza kupunguza shinikizo la wadudu na magonjwa kwani wadudu wana mimea ndogo
ya kulisha na maisha ya wadudu wenye manufaa zaidi katika mfumo tofauti.
→ Mzunguko wa mazao: hupunguza uwezekano wa
magonjwa yanayoenezwa na udongo na huongeza rutuba ya udongo.
→ Kuweka mbolea ya kijani kibichi na mazao
ya kufunika: huongeza shughuli za kibiolojia kwenye udongo na inaweza kuongeza
uwepo wa viumbe vyenye manufaa (lakini pia wadudu; kwa hiyo uteuzi makini wa
spishi zinazofaa unahitajika).
4) Matumizi ya udhibiti wa virutubisho:
→ Utungishaji wa wastani: Ukuaji thabiti
hufanya mmea kuwa katika hatari ya kuambukizwa. Sana
mbolea inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa chumvi kwenye mizizi, na
kufungua njia ya maambukizi ya pili. → Ugavi
wa potasiamu wenye uwiano huchangia katika kuzuia fangasi na maambukizi ya
bakteria
5) Uingizaji wa vitu vya kikaboni:
→ Huongeza msongamano wa viumbe vidogo na
shughuli kwenye udongo, hivyo basi kupunguza msongamano wa idadi ya fangasi wa
pathogenic na udongo.
→ Huimarisha muundo wa udongo na hivyo
kuboresha uingizaji hewa na upenyezaji wa maji.
8 0 PESTS – 8.3 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND MONITORING 6 - 10
ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
8 0 PESTS – 8.3 - PREVENTION PRACTICES AND
MONITORING 6 - 10
Knowledge about plant health and pest and disease
ecology helps the farmer to choose effective preventive crop protection
measures. As many factors influence the development of pest and disease, it’s
crucial to step in at the most sensitive points. This can be accomplished
through the right timing of management practices, a suitable combination of
different methods, or the choice of a selective method. Some important
preventive crop protection measures are the following ones:
1)
Application of suitable soil cultivation methods:
→ Facilitates
the decomposition of infected plant parts.
→ Regulates
weeds which serve as hosts for pests and diseases.
→ Protects the
micro-organisms which regulate soil borne diseases.
2) Use
of good water management:
→ No water
logging: causes stress to the plant, which encourages pathogens infections.
→ Avoid water on the foliage, as
water borne disease spread with droplets and fungal disease germinate in water.
3) Conservation
and promotion of natural enemies:
→ Provide an
ideal habitat for natural enemies to grow and reproduce.
→ Avoid using
products which harm natural enemies.
4) Selection of optimum planting time and spacing:
→ Most pests or diseases attack the
plant only in a certain life stage; therefore it’s crucial that this vulnerable
life stage doesn’t correspond with the period of high pest density and thus
that the optimal planting time is chosen.
→ Sufficient
distance between the plants reduces the spread of a disease.
→ Good
aeration of the plants allows leaves to dry off faster, which hinders pathogen
development and infection.
5) Use
of proper sanitation measures:
→ Remove infected plant parts
(leaves, fruits) from the ground to prevent the disease from spreading.
→ Eliminate
residues of infected plants after harvesting.
MONITORING
Regular monitoring of pests, diseases and weeds is the
basis for effective management. To be able to manage pests, diseases and weeds,
information is needed on the specific pests, diseases and weeds present in the
region, village or crop fields and the associated damage they cause.
KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI
8 0 WADUDU – 8.3 - TABIA ZA
KINGA NA UFUATILIAJI 6 – 10
Ujuzi kuhusu afya ya mimea na ikolojia ya wadudu na magonjwa humsaidia mkulima kuchagua hatua madhubuti za kuzuia mazao. Kwa kuwa mambo mengi huathiri ukuaji wa wadudu na magonjwa, ni muhimu kuingilia kati katika sehemu nyeti zaidi. Hili linaweza kutimizwa kupitia muda sahihi wa mazoea ya usimamizi, mchanganyiko unaofaa wa mbinu tofauti, au uchaguzi wa mbinu iliyochaguliwa. Baadhi ya hatua muhimu za kuzuia mazao ni zifuatazo:
1) Utumiaji wa njia zinazofaa za kilimo cha udongo:
→ Huwezesha kuoza kwa sehemu za mmea zilizoambukizwa.
→ Hudhibiti magugu ambayo hutumika kama mwenyeji wa wadudu na magonjwa.
→ Hulinda viumbe vidogo vinavyodhibiti magonjwa yanayoenezwa na udongo.
2) Matumizi bora ya maji:
→ Hakuna ukataji wa maji: husababisha mkazo kwa mmea, ambayo huhimiza
maambukizo ya vimelea.
→ Epuka maji kwenye majani, kwani ugonjwa unaoenezwa na maji huenea kwa
matone na ugonjwa wa fangasi huota kwenye maji.
3) Uhifadhi na uendelezaji wa
maadui wa asili:
→ Kutoa makazi bora kwa maadui asilia kukua na kuzaliana.
→ Epuka kutumia bidhaa zinazodhuru maadui asilia.
4) Uchaguzi wa wakati mwafaka wa kupanda na nafasi:
→ Wadudu au magonjwa mengi hushambulia mmea katika hatua fulani ya
maisha; kwa hivyo ni muhimu kwamba hatua hii ya maisha hatarishi haiwiani na
kipindi cha msongamano mkubwa wa wadudu na hivyo kwamba wakati mwafaka wa
kupanda uchaguliwe.
→ Umbali wa kutosha kati ya mimea hupunguza kuenea kwa ugonjwa.
→ Uingizaji hewa mzuri wa mimea huruhusu majani kukauka haraka, ambayo
huzuia ukuaji wa pathojeni na maambukizi.
5) Matumizi ya hatua sahihi za
usafi wa mazingira:
→ Ondoa sehemu za mimea zilizoambukizwa (majani, matunda) kutoka
ardhini ili kuzuia ugonjwa usienee.
→ Ondoa mabaki ya mimea iliyoambukizwa baada ya kuvuna.
UFUATILIAJI
Ufuatiliaji wa mara kwa mara wa
wadudu, magonjwa na magugu ndio msingi wa usimamizi bora. Ili kuweza kudhibiti
wadudu, magonjwa na magugu, taarifa zinahitajika kuhusu wadudu, magonjwa na
magugu mahususi waliopo katika mkoa, mashamba ya kijiji au mazao na uharibifu
unaohusiana nao.
8 0 PESTS – 8.4 - TYPICAL SIGNE OF DISEASE OF ATTACKS ON CROPPLANTS
ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY
8 0 PESTS – 8.4 - TYPICAL SIGNE OF DISEASE OF ATTACKS
ON CROPPLANTS
Most crop diseases are caused by fungi,
bacteria or viruses.
• Fungi cause the
great majority, estimated at two-thirds of infectious plant diseases. They
include all white and true rusts, smuts, needle casts, leaf curls, mildew,
sooty moulds and anthracnose. In addition, they are responsible for most leaf,
fruit, and flower spots, cankers, blights, wilts, scabs, and root, stem, fruit,
wood rots among many others. Parts of plants or the total crop plant can wither
and die.
• Bacteria cause any of the four following main problems. Some bacteria produce
enzymes that breakdown the cell walls of plants anywhere in the plant. This
causes parts of the plant to start rotting (known as ‘rot’). Some bacteria
produce toxins that are generally damaging to plant tissues, usually causing
early death of the plant. Others produce large amounts of very sticky sugars;
as they travel through the plant, they block the narrow channels preventing
water getting from the plant roots up to the shoots and leaves, again causing
rapid death of the plant. Finally, other bacteria produce proteins that mimic
plant hormones. These lead to overgrowth of plant tissue and form tumours.
• Viruses mostly cause systemic diseases. Generally, leaves show chlorosis or change
in colour of leaves and other green parts. Light green or yellow patches of
various shades, shapes and sizes appear in affected leaves. These patches may
form characteristic mosaic patterns, resulting in general reduction in growth
and vigour of the plant.
Careful
and continuous monitoring of pest and disease levels during critical times of
growth of a crop is the key to successful management. This can be done through
regular scouting of the field by the farmer. It helps the farmer to intervene
early enough before the pest and/or disease cause significant damage.
TIPS in the picture: HOW TO MAKE A FRUIT FLY TRAP
1.
Cut a PET bottle
2.
Remove the cap
3.
Insert and glue the reversed upper part of the
bottle into the bottom part.
4.
As a bait, use half a cup of vinegar, mixed with
water and add 4-6 drops liquid soap
You
also can use jam or confiture mixed with water, so that the flies fall in
5.
Hang the
bottle in a tree where most fruit flies have been seen,
KOZI
YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI
8 0 WADUDU – 8.4 - ISHARA YA KAWAIDA YA
UGONJWA WA MASHAMBULIZI KWA MIMEA
Magonjwa mengi ya mazao husababishwa na fangasi, bakteria au virusi.
•
Kuvu husababisha idadi kubwa, inayokadiriwa kuwa theluthi mbili ya magonjwa ya
kuambukiza ya mimea. Wao ni pamoja na kutu zote nyeupe na za kweli, smuts,
sindano za sindano, curls za majani, koga, molds za sooty na anthracnose. Zaidi
ya hayo, wanahusika na madoa mengi ya majani, matunda, na maua, ukungu, ukungu,
mnyauko, upele, na mizizi, shina, matunda, kuoza kwa kuni miongoni mwa mengine
mengi. Sehemu za mimea au jumla ya mmea wa mazao zinaweza kunyauka na kufa.
•
Bakteria husababisha mojawapo ya matatizo makuu manne yafuatayo. Baadhi ya
bakteria huzalisha vimeng'enya ambavyo huvunja kuta za seli za mimea mahali
popote kwenye mmea. Hii husababisha sehemu za mmea kuanza kuoza (inayojulikana
kama ‘kuoza’). Baadhi ya bakteria hutoa sumu ambayo kwa ujumla huharibu tishu
za mmea, kwa kawaida husababisha kifo cha mapema cha mmea. Wengine huzalisha
kiasi kikubwa cha sukari yenye kunata sana; wanaposafiri kwenye mmea, huziba
njia nyembamba zinazozuia maji kutoka kwenye mizizi ya mmea hadi kwenye vikonyo
na majani, na kusababisha kifo cha haraka cha mmea. Hatimaye, bakteria nyingine
huzalisha protini zinazoiga homoni za mimea. Hizi husababisha kuongezeka kwa
tishu za mmea na kuunda tumors.
•
Virusi mara nyingi husababisha magonjwa ya kimfumo. Kwa ujumla, majani yanaonyesha
chlorosis au mabadiliko ya rangi ya majani na sehemu nyingine za kijani.
Vipande vya rangi ya kijani au njano ya vivuli mbalimbali, maumbo na ukubwa
huonekana kwenye majani yaliyoathirika. Vipande hivi vinaweza kuunda mifumo ya
mosai ya tabia, na kusababisha kupunguzwa kwa jumla kwa ukuaji na nguvu ya
mmea.
Ufuatiliaji makini na unaoendelea wa viwango vya wadudu na magonjwa katika nyakati muhimu za ukuaji wa zao ndio ufunguo wa usimamizi wenye mafanikio. Hili linaweza kufanywa kwa kukagua shamba mara kwa mara na mkulima. Humsaidia mkulima kuingilia kati mapema vya kutosha kabla ya wadudu na/au ugonjwa kuleta madhara makubwa.
1.
Kata chupa ya PET
2.
Ondoa kofia
3.
Ingiza na gundi sehemu ya juu ya nyuma ya chupa kwenye sehemu ya chini.
4.
Kama chambo, tumia nusu kikombe cha siki, iliyochanganywa na maji na kuongeza
matone 4-6 ya sabuni ya maji.
Unaweza
pia kutumia jam au confiture iliyochanganywa na maji, ili nzi waanguke
5.
Tundika chupa kwenye mti ambapo nzi wengi wa matunda wameonekana
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