7 0 COMPOST – 7.7 - POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN THE COMPOSTING PROCESS

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.7 - POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN THE COMPOSTING PROCESS

DIAGNOSE, problem. Possible reasons, solutions

TEMPERATURE DOES NOT RISE.  Microorganism cannot develop.

Material too dry, or too wet, lack of air or too much air, C/N-ratio is not correct, too much earth.

Whetten with water or urine, pile looser, mix more fresh green material or dung to it.

SUDDEN DECREASE OF THE TEMPERATURES. Transformation process stops,

Material has become too dry, all available nitrogen used.

Whetten with water or urine, add nitrogen rich material.

COMPOSTING MATERIAL GETS DUSTY WHITE., Too strong development of fungi, 

Material too dry, material not mixed for a longer time.

Mix and set up the pile again, Whetten with water or urine, add nitrogen rich material

MATERIAL GETS BLACKISH-GREENISH, FOUL SMELLING., Composting material is fouling.

Lack of air and structure, C/N-ratio too low, Material too wet, Material has not been mixed sufficiently.

Set up pile again adding bulky material with high C/N-ratio. Turn compost more often during heating phase

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA - 7.7 - MATATIZO NA SULUHISHO LINAVYOWEZEKANA KATIKA MCHAKATO WA MBOJI

 

TAMBUA, tatizo. Sababu zinazowezekana, suluhisho

 

JOTO HALIPANDA. Microorganism haiwezi kuendeleza.

Nyenzo kavu sana, au mvua sana, ukosefu wa hewa au hewa nyingi, uwiano wa C/N si sahihi, ardhi nyingi sana.

Imechangiwa na maji au mkojo, rundo huru, changanya nyenzo safi zaidi za kijani kibichi au samadi kwake.

 

KUPUNGUA GHAFLA KWA JOTO. Mchakato wa mabadiliko umesimama,

Nyenzo imekuwa kavu sana, nitrojeni yote inayopatikana imetumika.

Imechangiwa na maji au mkojo, ongeza nyenzo zenye nitrojeni.

 

NYENZO YA NYEUPE HUPATA VUMBI NYEUPE., Ukuaji mkali sana wa fangasi,

Nyenzo ni kavu sana, nyenzo hazijachanganywa kwa muda mrefu.

Kuchanganya na kuanzisha rundo tena, Whetten na maji au mkojo, kuongeza nitrojeni tajiri nyenzo

 

MATERIAL HUPATA NYEUSI-KIJANI, HARUFU MBAYA., Nyenzo ya kutengeneza mboji ni mbaya.

Ukosefu wa hewa na muundo, uwiano wa C/N chini sana, Nyenzo ni mvua sana, Nyenzo haijachanganywa vya kutosha.

Weka rundo tena kwa kuongeza nyenzo nyingi zenye uwiano wa juu wa C/N. Geuza mbolea mara nyingi zaidi wakati wa joto

Copyright by

        ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.8 - DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS

  ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.8 - DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS

 

Compost systems can be divided into «continuously» and «batch-fed» systems:

•       Continuously fed systems: These systems do not heat-up during the composting process. They are handy if there is a continuous supply of wastes (e.g. kitchen waste). However, they lack the advantages of the heating phase. 

•       Batch-fed systems (all material is composted at once): These systems lead to a hot composting process. They offer the advantages of reduced nutrient loss death of weed seeds and diseases as a result of the high temperature of composting, the process is fast (within a few weeks) and it results in a compost of superior quality. If little water is available, composting in pits may be more appropriate since humidity is conserved better in pits than in heaps. 

•       Vermin-composting is a method of composting using earthworms. Earthworms speed up the composting process, aerate the organic material and enhance the finished compost with nutrients and enzymes from their digestive tracts. Vermicomposting allows you to create compost round the year, indoor during the winter and outdoor during the summer.

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA - 7.8 - MIFUMO NA MBINU MBALIMBALI

Mifumo ya mboji inaweza kugawanywa katika mifumo "ya kuendelea" na "kulishwa kwa kundi":

• Mifumo ya kulishwa mara kwa mara: Mifumo hii haipati joto wakati wa mchakato wa kutengeneza mboji. Zinafaa ikiwa kuna ugavi unaoendelea wa taka (k.m. taka jikoni). Hata hivyo, hawana faida za awamu ya joto.

• Mifumo ya kulishwa kwa makundi (nyenzo zote huwekwa mboji mara moja): Mifumo hii husababisha mchakato wa kutengeneza mboji moto. Wanatoa faida za kupunguza upotevu wa virutubishi kifo cha mbegu za magugu na magonjwa kutokana na joto la juu la kutengeneza mboji, mchakato ni wa haraka (ndani ya wiki chache) na husababisha mboji ya ubora wa hali ya juu. Ikiwa maji kidogo yanapatikana, kutengeneza mboji kwenye mashimo kunaweza kufaa zaidi kwani unyevunyevu huhifadhiwa vyema kwenye mashimo kuliko kwenye lundo.

• Kuweka mboji kwa wanyama waharibifu ni njia ya kutengeneza mboji kwa kutumia minyoo. Minyoo ya ardhini huharakisha mchakato wa kutengeneza mboji, hupitisha hewa ya kikaboni na kuimarisha mboji iliyokamilishwa kwa virutubishi na vimeng'enya kutoka kwa njia zao za usagaji chakula. Vermicomposting inakuwezesha kuunda mbolea mwaka mzima, ndani wakati wa baridi na nje wakati wa majira ya joto.

Copyright by

 
         ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 .

 

7 0 COMPOST- 7.9 - GREEN MANURES HAVE A NUMBER OF BENEFITS

 

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST- 7.9 - GREEN MANURES HAVE A NUMBER OF BENEFITS

 

•       They penetrate the soil with their roots, make it more friable and bind nutrients, which would otherwise be washed away.

•       They suppress weeds and protect the soil from erosion and direct sunlight.

•       If legume plants are used, nitrogen is fixed from the air into the soil.

•       Some green manures can be used as fodder plants or even and also to provide food for human consumption (e.g. beans and peas).

•       By decomposing, green manures release all kinds of nutrients in the correct mixture for the main crops to utilise thus improving their yield.

The incorporated plant material encourages the activity of soil organisms and builds up organic matter in the soil. This improves soil structure and water holding capacity.

Green manuring is thus an inexpensive way to improve soil fertility and the nutrition of the main crops grown. 

FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE GROWING GREEN MANURES

Labour is required for tillage, sowing, cutting and incorporation of plants into the soil, and is most intensive where the amount of helpful equipment available is small.

If green manures are intercropped with the main crops, they compete for nutrients, water and light.

When old or coarse plant material is incorporated into the soil, nitrogen may be temporarily immobilised and therefore unavailable for plant growth.

If food and space are in short supply it may be more appropriate to grow a food crop rather than a green manure and recycle the crop residues, or to intercrop a green manure crop with the main crop.

The benefits of green manures occur over the long term and are not always visible immediately.

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA- 7.9 - MADINI YA KIJANI INA IDADI YA FAIDA.

• Hupenya udongo kwa mizizi yake, na kuufanya uwe mkaukaji zaidi na kuunganisha virutubishi, ambavyo vinginevyo vingeoshwa na maji.

• Hukandamiza magugu na kulinda udongo dhidi ya mmomonyoko wa udongo na jua moja kwa moja.

• Mimea ya mikunde ikitumiwa, nitrojeni huwekwa kutoka hewani hadi kwenye udongo.

• Baadhi ya mbolea za kijani zinaweza kutumika kama mimea ya malisho au hata na pia kutoa chakula cha matumizi ya binadamu (k.m. maharagwe na mbaazi).

• Kwa kuoza, mbolea ya kijani hutoa kila aina ya virutubisho katika mchanganyiko sahihi kwa mazao makuu kutumia hivyo kuboresha mavuno yao.

• Nyenzo za mimea zilizojumuishwa huhimiza shughuli za viumbe vya udongo na hujenga viumbe hai kwenye udongo. Hii inaboresha muundo wa udongo na uwezo wa kushikilia maji.

Kwa hivyo, mbolea ya kijani ni njia ya bei nafuu ya kuboresha rutuba ya udongo na lishe ya mazao makuu yanayolimwa.

MAMBO YA KUZINGATIA KABLA YA KUKUZA MBOLE ZA KIJANI

• Kazi inahitajika kwa ajili ya kulima, kupanda, kukata na kuingiza mimea kwenye udongo, na ni kubwa zaidi ambapo kiasi cha vifaa muhimu kinachopatikana ni kidogo.

• Mbolea za kijani zikipandwa kwa mseto na mazao makuu, hushindania virutubisho, maji na mwanga.

• Wakati nyenzo kuu ya mmea iliyozeeka au iliyokosa inapoingizwa kwenye udongo, nitrojeni inaweza kuzuiwa kwa muda na hivyo isipatikane kwa ukuaji wa mmea.

• Ikiwa chakula na nafasi ni chache inaweza kuwa sahihi zaidi kupanda mazao ya chakula badala ya mbolea ya kijani na kusaga mabaki ya mazao, au kupanda mseto wa zao la mbolea ya kijani na zao kuu.

Faida za mbolea za kijani hutokea kwa muda mrefu na hazionekani mara moja.

Copyright by

 ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) 

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

don.ronaldo@gmx.de

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.10 - STEPS FOR USING GREEN MANURES.

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.10 - STEPS FOR USING GREEN MANURES.

 

HOW TO USE GREEN MANURES

     a) Sowing the green manure

•     If grown within a crop rotation, the time of sowing must be chosen such that the green manure can be cut down and worked into the soil before the next crop is sown.

•     Green manures need water for germination and growth.

•     The ideal seed density must be tested for each individual situation. It depends on the species chosen.

•     In general, no additional fertilization is necessary. If legumes are grown in a field for the first time, inoculation of the seeds with the specific rhizobia may be necessary to profit from nitrogen fixation of the legume.

b) Working the green manure into the soil

 

•     Timing: The time gap between digging in the green manure and planting the next crop should not be longer than 2 to 3 weeks, to prevent nutrient losses from the decomposing green manure.

•     Crushing: Green manures are worked in most easily when the plants are still young and fresh. If the green manure plants are tall or contain bulky and hard plant parts, it is preferable to chop the plants into pieces to allow easier decomposition. The older the plants, the longer decomposition will take. The best time to dig in green manure plants is just before flowering.

•     Depth of incorporation: Green manures should not be ploughed deeply into the soil. Instead they should only be worked into the surface soil (in heavy soils only 5 to 15 cm deep, in light soils 10 to maximum 20 cm deep). In warm and humid climates, the material can also be left on the soil surface as a mulch layer.

TEXT in the picture:

·         1. Saw the green manure.

·         Timing? Which species to grow?

·         Avoid competition to the main crops

·         Ensure good growing conditions

·         2. Wait until maximum biomass is developed

·         Cut before flowering

·         3. Cut and incorporate the plant material in the soil.

·         Crush the material into pieces.

·         Incorporate it superficially.

·         4. Saw or plant a crop with a high nutrient demand

·         Saw or plant the next crop two weeks to avoid nutrient losses.

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA – 7.10 - HATUA ZA KUTUMIA MBOLEA ZA KIJANI.

 

JINSI YA KUTUMIA MBOLE ZA KIJANI

a) Kupanda mbolea ya kijani

• Ikipandwa katika mzunguko wa mazao, wakati wa kupanda lazima uchaguliwe ili mbolea ya kijani iweze kukatwa na kutiwa udongoni kabla ya zao linalofuata kupandwa.

• Mbolea za kijani zinahitaji maji kwa ajili ya kuota na kukua.

• Msongamano bora wa mbegu lazima ujaribiwe kwa kila hali ya mtu binafsi. Inategemea aina zilizochaguliwa.

• Kwa ujumla, hakuna mbolea ya ziada inahitajika. Iwapo kunde hupandwa shambani kwa mara ya kwanza, kuchanjwa kwa mbegu na rhizobia maalum kunaweza kuhitajika ili kufaidika na uwekaji wa nitrojeni kwenye mikunde.

b) Kuweka mbolea ya kijani kwenye udongo

 

• Muda: Pengo la muda kati ya kuchimba kwenye mbolea ya kijani na kupanda zao linalofuata lisizidi wiki 2 hadi 3 ili kuzuia upotevu wa virutubisho kutokana na mbolea ya kijani kibichi kuoza.

• Kusagwa: Mbolea za kijani hutumiwa kwa urahisi wakati mimea ingali michanga na mbichi. Ikiwa mimea ya samadi ya kijani ni mirefu au ina sehemu kubwa na ngumu za mimea, ni vyema kukata mimea vipande vipande ili kuruhusu kuoza kwa urahisi. Mimea ya zamani, mtengano wa muda mrefu utachukua. Wakati mzuri wa kuchimba kwenye mimea ya mbolea ya kijani ni kabla ya maua.

• Kina cha ujumuishaji: Mbolea za kijani zisipamwe kwa kina kwenye udongo. Badala yake zinapaswa kufanyiwa kazi kwenye udongo wa juu (katika udongo mzito tu wa sentimita 5 hadi 15 tu, kwenye udongo mwepesi wa 10 hadi 20 cm juu). Katika hali ya hewa ya joto na unyevunyevu, nyenzo pia zinaweza kuachwa kwenye uso wa udongo kama safu ya matandazo.

TEXT kwenye picha:

• 1. Aliona mbolea ya kijani.

• Muda? Ni aina gani za kukua?

• Epuka ushindani wa mazao makuu

• Hakikisha hali nzuri ya kukua

• 2. Subiri hadi kiwango cha juu cha majani kitengenezwe

• Kata kabla ya kutoa maua

• 3. Kata na ujumuishe nyenzo za mmea kwenye udongo.

• Ponda nyenzo vipande vipande.

• Ijumuishe kijuujuu.

• 4. Soma au panda mazao yenye mahitaji makubwa ya virutubishi

• Sama au panda mazao kwa wiki mbili ili kuepuka upotevu wa virutubisho.

Copyright by

     ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) 

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI - WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

don.ronaldo@gmx.de

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.11 - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ''IDEAL'' GREEN MANURE PLANT

 

 

 ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.11 - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ''IDEAL'' GREEN MANURE PLANT

 

How to choose the right species?

There is a large variety of plants, especially legumes that can be used as green manure crops. It is important that appropriate species are chosen. Most importantly they should be adapted to the local growing conditions, especially rainfall and soil, fit into the crop rotation and not pose a risk of transmitting diseases and pests to other crops.

TEXT in the picture:

·         It is easy to cultivate.

·         It produces a lot of biomasses in short time

·         It effectively suppresses weeds.

·         It develops deep roots.

·         It takes up soil minerals in large quantities.

·         It fixes nitrogen from the air.

·         It is not sensitive to pest and dis 

·         

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA – 7.11 - TABIA ZA MIMEA YA ''BORA'' YA MADONGO YA KIJANI

Jinsi ya kuchagua aina sahihi?

Kuna aina kubwa ya mimea, hasa mikunde ambayo inaweza kutumika kama mazao ya mbolea ya kijani. Ni muhimu kuchagua aina zinazofaa. Muhimu zaidi zinapaswa kuendana na hali ya ukuaji wa eneo hilo, haswa mvua na udongo, zinafaa katika mzunguko wa mazao na zisiwe na hatari ya kusambaza magonjwa na wadudu kwa mazao mengine.

 

TEXT kwenye picha:

• Ni rahisi kulima

• Hutoa majani mengi kwa muda mfupi

• Inakandamiza magugu kwa ufanisi

• Hukuza mizizi mirefu

• Inachukua madini ya udongo kwa wingi

• Hutengeneza nitrojeni kutoka hewani

• Sio nyeti kwa wadudu na magonjwa

• Inafanyiwa kazi kwa urahisi ndani yake haishindani na zao kuu kwa ushirikianoeases

It is easily worked in it does not compete with the main crop in association.

Copyright by

    ATLAS DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L 

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI - WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.

 

 

7 0 COMPOST – 7.12 – ANIMAL MANURE

 

ORGANIC FARMING COURSE AGRO-ECONOMY

7 0 COMPOST – 7.12 – ANIMAL MANURE

 

Depending on whether animals are kept in stables or not (part or full time), farmyard manure consists of animal excreta and bedding material (usually straw or grass). Farmyard manure is extremely valuable organic manure.

Some characteristics and effects of farmyard manure: It contains large amounts of nutrients:

Only part of the nitrogen content of manure is directly available to plants, while the remaining part is released as the manure decomposes. The nitrogen in animal urine is available in the short-term.

When dung and urine are mixed, they form a well-balanced source of nutrients for plants. The availability of phosphorus and potassium from farmyard manure is like that from chemical fertilizers. Chicken manure is rich in phosphorus. However, it is important to be aware of the origin of the manure, as chicken manure from conventional farms is contaminated by heavy metals.

Organic manures contribute to the build-up of soil organic matter and thus improve soil fertility.

 

 

KOZI YA KILIMO HAI KILIMO-UCHUMI

7 0 MBOLEA – 7.12 – MADHI YA WANYAMA

 

Kutegemea kama wanyama wanatunzwa kwenye mazizi au la (sehemu au muda wote), samadi ya shambani huwa na kinyesi cha wanyama na nyenzo za matandiko (kawaida majani au nyasi). Mbolea ya shamba ni mbolea ya kikaboni yenye thamani kubwa sana.

Baadhi ya sifa na athari za samadi ya shambani: Ina kiasi kikubwa cha virutubisho:

Sehemu tu ya maudhui ya nitrojeni ya mbolea hupatikana moja kwa moja kwa mimea, wakati sehemu iliyobaki hutolewa wakati mbolea inaharibika. Nitrojeni katika mkojo wa wanyama inapatikana kwa muda mfupi.

Wakati kinyesi na mkojo vinachanganywa, huunda chanzo cha usawa cha virutubisho kwa mimea. Upatikanaji wa fosforasi na potasiamu kutoka kwa samadi ya shamba ni kama hiyo kutoka kwa mbolea za kemikali. Mbolea ya kuku ina fosforasi nyingi. Hata hivyo, ni muhimu kufahamu asili ya samadi, kwani samadi ya kuku kutoka kwenye mashamba ya kawaida huchafuliwa na metali nzito.

Mbolea za kikaboni huchangia katika mrundikano wa mabaki ya viumbe hai kwenye udongo na hivyo kuboresha rutuba ya udongo.

Copyright by

Ronald Hauck CEO (Don Ronaldo) don.ronaldo@gmx.de

KENYA KISUMU MILIMANI WhatsApp +254 769 396 680

Consultant for business, organic farming, and general buildings.